Bucky

Superherobox|


caption=Bucky in World War II. Cover detail, "Captain America 65th Anniversary Special" (May 2006). Art by Eric Wight.
comic_color=background:#ff8080
character_name=Bucky
real_name=James Buchanan Barnes
publisher=Marvel Comics
debut=As Bucky:
"Captain America Comics" #1 (March 1941)
As Winter Soldier:
"Captain America" (vol. 5) #1
(January 2005)
As Captain America:
"Captain America" (Vol. 5) #34
(January 2008)

creators=Joe Simon
Jack Kirby
alliance_color=background:#ffc0c0
alliances=The Invaders Young Allies Kid Commandos
aliases=Bucky, Winter Soldier, Captain America
powers= Skilled acrobat, fighter, scout, and assassin
Superhuman strength derived from cybernetic arm
Vibranium-steel alloy shield|

Bucky is the name of several fictional masked heroes in the Marvel Comics universe. The original, James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes, (also known the assassin, Winter Soldier) was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby as a sidekick character in "Captain America Comics" #1 (March 1941), published by Marvel's 1940s predecessor, Timely Comics.The 1995 "Marvel Milestone Edition: Captain America" archival reprint has no cover date or number, and its postal indicia says "Originally published ... as Captain America #000". Timely's first comic "Marvel Comics" #1, likewise had no number on its cover, and was released with two different cover dates.] In 2008 comics, the grown Bucky became Captain America after the death of the original hero, Steve Rogers.

Publication history

Following his debut, Bucky Barnes appeared alongside Captain America in virtually every story in "Captain America Comics" and other Timely Comics series. In the post-war era, with the popularity of superheroes fading, Bucky appeared alongside team-leader Captain America in the two published adventures of Timely/Marvel's first superhero group, the All-Winners Squad, in the unhyphenated "All Winners Comics" #19 & 21 (Fall-Winter 1946; there was no issue #20). After Bucky was shot and seriously wounded in a 1948 "Captain America" story, he was succeeded by Captain America's girlfriend Betsy Ross, who became the super heroine Golden Girl. "Captain America Comics" ended with #75 (Feb. 1950), by which time the series had been titled "Captain America's Weird Tales" for two issues, with the finale a horror/suspense anthology issue with no superheroes.

Captain America and Bucky were both briefly revived, along with fellow Timely stars the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner, in the omnibus "Young Men" #24 (Dec. 1953), published by Marvel's 1950s iteration Atlas Comics. Bucky appeared alongside "Captain America, Commie Smasher!", as the hero was cover-billed, in stories published during the next year in "Young Men" and "Men's Adventures", as well as in three issues of "Captain America" that continued the old numbering. Sales were poor, however, and the series was discontinued with "Captain America" #78 (Sept. 1954).

Retroactive continuity, beginning with "The Avengers" vol. 1, #4 (March 1964), established that the original Captain America and Bucky went missing near the end of WWII and were secretly replaced by then-U.S. President Harry S. Truman by successor heroes using those identities.

Bucky appeared in very occasional flashbacks from the 1960s on, and co-starred with Captain America in flashback WWII adventures in "Tales of Suspense" #63-71 (March-Nov. 1965). His death was depicted in flashback in "The Avengers" vol. 1, #56 (Sept. 1968).

In 2005 issues of "Captain America", series writer Ed Brubaker returned Bucky from his seeming death near the end of World War II. He additionally revealed that Barnes' official status as Captain America's sidekick was a cover-up. According to this retroactive continuity, Barnes began as a 16-year-old operative trained to do things regular soldiers and the 20- to 21-year-old Captain America normally would not do, such as conduct covert assassinations.

Bucky's death had been notable as one of the few comic book deaths that stuck. An aphorism among comic book fans, known as the Bucky Clause, was that "No one in comics stays dead except Bucky, DC Comics' Jason Todd, Spider-Man's Uncle Ben and girlfriend Gwen Stacy". [Jonathan V. Last (2007-03-13). "Captain America, RIP", http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110009780] However, all four have been brought back to life in their respective universes in 2006, although Uncle Ben turned out to be an alternate Ben from another reality, and Gwen Stacy turned out to be a clone.

Bucky's death has also been used to explain why the Marvel Universe has virtually no young sidekicks, as no responsible hero wants to endanger a minor in similar fashion. Stan Lee also disliked the plot device of kid sidekicks, saying in the 1970s that, "One of my many pet peeves has always been the young teenage sidekick of the average superhero". [Lee, Stan, "Origins of Marvel Comics" (Simon and Schuster, 1974; Marvel Entertainment Group, 1997 reissue, ISBN 0-7851-0551-4), p. 17] Roger Stern and John Byrne had also considered bringing Bucky back, before deciding against it. [ [http://byrnerobotics.com/FAQ/listing.asp?ID=2&T1=Questions+about+Comic+Book+Projects#16 Byrne Robotics: "Frequently Asked Questions] : Questions about Comic Book Projects: "Captain America: Did JB ever consider bringing Bucky back?"] However, in 1990, co-creator Jack Kirby, when asked if he had ever heard talk of resurrecting Bucky, answered: "Speaking completely for myself, I wouldn't mind bringing Bucky in; he represents teenagers, and there are always teenagers; he's a universal character". ["Marvel Age" #95 (Dec. 1990): "Birth of a
]

A climactic scene of Bucky's return involves Captain America using the reality-altering Cosmic Cube to restore the Winter Soldier's memories. Writer Brubaker, in an interview, said he intended no loophole, and that Captain America did not "will" the Winter Soldier to have Bucky's memories. [ [http://www.newsarama.com/forums/showthread.php?s=b58bf0b3f4ac23ca6c67b76bfc0cf995&threadid=58008 "Newsarama" (Feb. 2, 2006): "Spoiler Sport: Ed Brubaker on the Winter Soldier", by Matt Brady]

cquote|"Brubaker": That wasn't how I looked at it. Look at what he said — "Remember who you are". He didn't say, "Become who I think you are". Or, "Be Bucky". It was very straightforward. Which is more the tragedy, since Bucky immediately has this immense guilt for everything he did as the Winter Soldier.]

Fictional character biography

Origin and World War II

Barnes (named after James Buchanan, the 15th President of the United States), was born in Shelbyville, Indiana. He is an orphan, the son of a soldier killed in training at U.S. Army Camp Lehigh in Virginia just before the United States' entry into World War II. As a result, he is unofficially adopted by the camp as a mascot. Nicknamed "Bucky," he takes to wearing a uniform and becoming savvy with the ins and outs of military life, even though he is a teenager. It was at Lehigh that he meets and befriends Private Steven Rogers, who by all appearances is the clumsiest soldier in the camp. This was at the same time that reports of the then-mysterious Captain America begin to appear in news magazines, and Barnes eagerly devours the accounts of this new hero.

One night in 1940, however, while accidentally walking in on Rogers changing in his tent, he sees that his friend was changing into the uniform of Captain America. Barnes makes a deal to keep the secret of Rogers' dual identity if he can become his sidekick. Rogers agrees and trains Barnes appropriately. They fight the Red Skull together, and Captain America accepts Bucky as his partner. ["Adventures of Captain America" #3-4] Together, Captain America and Bucky fight Nazis both at home and abroad, as a duo and as part of the superhero team known as the Invaders, fighting Master Man in their first mission. ["Giant-Size Invaders" #1] Barnes also teams up with the sidekicks of other heroes in a group called the Young Allies. Additionally, Bucky was retconned in 1976 as the organizer of the flashback World War II super-team the Liberty Legion, set between the formations of the Invaders and the post-war All-Winners Squad. He was also briefly one of the Kid Commandos at this time.

In the closing days of World War II in 1945, Captain America and Bucky try to stop the villainous Baron Zemo from destroying an experimental drone plane. Zemo launches the plane with an armed explosive device on it, with Rogers and Barnes in hot pursuit. They reach the plane just before it takes off. Bucky unsuccessfully tries to defuse the bomb, and it explodes in mid-air. Bucky is believed killed in action, and Rogers is hurled into the freezing waters of the North Atlantic. [depicted in "Avengers" #56] Rogers' body, preserved in suspended animation in a block of ice, is only found decades later by The Avengers. ["The Avengers" #4 (March 1964)]

Winter Soldier

After the plane explodes, General Vasily Karpov and the crew of a Russian patrol submarine find Bucky's cold-preserved body (minus an arm). Bucky is revived in Moscow, though, as a result of the explosion, he suffers brain damage with amnesia. Scientists attach a bionic arm.

Programmed to be a Soviet assassin under the code name the Winter Soldier, he is sent on covert wetworks missions, becoming increasingly ruthless and efficient as he kills in the name of the state. The Winter Soldier is kept in stasis when not on missions, and as a result has aged only a few years since the closing days of World War II. On assignment in the United States in the 1970s, he suffers a breakdown and goes missing for days after assassinating his target.

In the present day, the Winter Soldier seemingly kills the Red Skull and Jack Monroe (Nomad) under orders from former Soviet general Aleksander Lukin (Karpov's former protégé). The Soldier launches a terrorist attack on Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, killing hundreds, and charges the Cosmic Cube which Lukin sent him to retrieve. He kidnaps Sharon Carter, an agent of the international espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. and an erstwhile paramour of Steve Rogers (Captain America). Upon her rescue, Carter tells Captain America the Soldier looked like Bucky. S.H.I.E.L.D. chief Nick Fury confirms the Winter Soldier's existence, but cannot ascertain his identity.

Captain America tracks down and confronts the Winter Soldier. Upon gaining control of the Cube, he tells the Soldier, "Remember who you are". Regaining his memories, Bucky becomes overwhelmed by guilt over his past actions, takes back the Cosmic Cube, and teleports away. ["Captain America" (v.5) #14] He reappears shortly afterward in London, England, where he helps Captain America fend off a terrorist attack. He asks Nick Fury for employment and new equipment. ["Captain America" (v.5) #18-21] Following the events of the superhuman Civil War, the Soldier helps Fury plan the escape of an arrested Steve Rogers. Before the plan can be implemented, however, Rogers is assassinated. ["Captain America" #25] Considering registration architect Tony Stark (Iron Man) as ultimately responsible, the Soldier plans to kill Stark in revenge. Deducing that Stark will oversee the appointment of a new Captain America, the Soldier steals Captain America's shield from S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Black Widow (his former lover while brainwashed in the Soviet Union) so that it cannot be handed down. ["Captain America" (v.5) #27] Ultimately, he heads to Kronas' headquarters, where Lukin reveals he is the Red Skull and has the evil psychiatrist Dr. Faustus attempt unsuccessfully to brainwash the Winter Soldier. ["Captain America" (v.5) #31]

New Captain America

After escaping from Faustus and being captured by S.H.I.E.L.D., Barnes learns from executive director Tony Stark that Steve Rogers had left Stark a letter asking him to watch over Barnes, and the mantle of Captain America should continue. ["Captain America" #30 (Sept. 2007)] Bucky agrees to become the new Captain America, but only if Stark guarantees him complete . ["Captain America" #33 (Dec. 2007)] As this arrangement is illegal under the Superhuman Registration Act, Stark keeps his support of the new Captain America secret. As Captain America, Barnes wears a new costume and carries a pistol and a combat knife. ["Captain America" vol. 5, #34 (March 2008)] He and his allies succeed in aborting the Skull's plans, and Bucky saves the Democratic and Republican presidential candidates from assassination, winning public applause. He also restarts his relationship with Black Widow. ["Captain America #42"]

"Avengers/Invaders"

Bucky in his 1941 incarnation reappears in the "Avengers/Invaders" miniseries (July 2008- ) alongside his fellow Invaders when a time-travel incident takes them from a World War II battlefield to the present-day Marvel Universe, where they encounter both the Mighty Avengers and New Avengers. At the conclusion of "Avengers/Invaders" #4, while attempting to break out of the S.H.I.E.L.D. helicarrier — believing it to be a German base — Bucky encounters his future self dressed as Captain America.

ecret Invasion

After most of the other heroes have fallen as the Skrull invasion of Earth continues, Captain America is seen watching Thor defend a group of civilians in Central Park. ["Secret Invasion" #4] Later, after a brief confrontation with Thor, he joins the other group of heroes (Mighty Avengers, New Avengers, The Initiative, The Thunderbolts, Fury and his Secret Warriors, Young Avengers, and the Hood's group) in battle against an army of Super-Skrulls led by Queen Veranke herself. ["Secret Invasion" #6]

Other characters called Bucky

Fred Davis - Late-WWII and post-war Bucky

Fearing that the deaths of Captain America and Bucky, if revealed, would be a blow to morale, President Truman asked William Naslund, the hero known as the Spirit of '76 (a member of the Crusaders), to assume the identity of Captain America. Assisting him was Fred Davis, a former bat-boy for the New York Yankees, who had posed as Bucky in 1942. The new Captain America and Bucky finished the rest of the war and continued to fight crime with the All-Winners Squad. Naslund was killed in 1946 fighting the android Adam II, and Captain America's identity passed to Jeff Mace, the Patriot. ["What If" #4 (Aug. 1977)]

Davis assisted Mace until 1948, when he was shot and wounded, forcing him to retire and leaving him with a permanent limp. In 1951, Davis joined the V-Battalion, a secret organization that hunted war criminals, and eventually became one of its leaders on the Penance Council. He served the V-Battalion in both a leadership role in the Penance Council, and as an engineer. ["Captain America Comics" #66, 1948; "Citizen V and the V-Battalion" #1-#4, 2001]

Jack Monroe - 1950s Bucky

In 1953, an orphan named Jack Monroe, who idolized Captain America and Bucky, discovered that his history teacher also had a similar passion, to the extent of undergoing plastic surgery to make him look like Steve Rogers and assuming his name as well. In addition, "Rogers" had discovered, in some old Nazi files stored in a warehouse in Germany, the lost formula for the Super-Soldier serum that had given Captain America his abilities. The two used the serum and began to fight Communists as Captain America and Bucky. ["Young Men" #24 (Dec. 1953)]

Unfortunately, "Rogers" and Monroe were unaware of the stabilizing "Vita-Ray" process used on the original Captain America. As a result, despite their bodies being enhanced to peak human efficiency, they slowly grew paranoid and dangerously insane. By the middle of 1954 they were irrationally attacking anyone they perceived to be a Communist. In 1955 the Federal Bureau of Investigation managed to hunt them down and placed them in suspended animation. The 1950s Captain America and Bucky would be revived years later after the return of Steve Rogers, going on another rampage, and would be defeated by the man they had modeled themselves after. ["Captain America" #153 (Sept. 1972)]

Monroe was eventually cured of his insanity and took up the superhero identity of Nomad, an identity that Rogers himself had once taken in the 70s (when he discarded Cap's mantle as a consequence of the Marvel-version of the Watergate Scandal, engineered by the Secret Empire), even teaming up with the original Captain America on a number of occasions. At one point during his solo career, Monroe was injured severely enough to need to be placed in stasis once again. He was revived and brainwashed by Henry Peter Gyrich (who was in turn being manipulated by Baron Strucker). Monroe was then forced to become the new Scourge of the Underworld and sent to kill the reformed supervillain team known as the Thunderbolts. Monroe eventually broke free of the conditioning, helped the Thunderbolts to defeat Gyrich, and then disappeared ("Thunderbolts" #35-#50, 1999-2001). When last seen, Monroe had been shot by the Winter Soldier (James Buchanan Barnes, the original Bucky) and dumped in the trunk of a car. ["Captain America" Vol. 5, #3, April 2005]

Rick Jones

Soon after awakening in the modern age, Steve Rogers met perennial Marvel sidekick Rick Jones. A little demented from his time spent encased in ice, Rogers would refer to Rick as Bucky. Jones also donned the Bucky costume in an attempt to make himself Captain America's partner. However, Rogers was still wracked with guilt over the original Bucky's death, and refused to make this a permanent arrangement although Jones was insistent that Rogers should finally put the tragedy behind him. While Jones' time in this identity is short lived and the task of measuring up to the original Bucky was daunting, he profits from it with invaluable training from Rogers.

Lemar Hoskins

When the role of Captain America was taken over by John Walker, he formed the Bold Urban Commandos (BUCkies) as a backup team. Walker's main partner was African-American Lemar Hoskins, who used the name "Bucky" until he realized the racist connotations of the alias when applied to him, and assumed the name "Battlestar".

Others

Other persons who have used the Bucky alias include an unnamed baby that Nomad looked after for a period (after which she was adopted and given the name Julia Winters ["Captain America" vol. 5, #7 (July 2005)] ), and Rikki Barnes, who was from the alternate Earth created by Franklin Richards in the wake of the Onslaught incident. Rikki Barnes is still a member of the Young Allies on Counter-Earth. In the wake of the "Onslaught Reborn" series, Rikki has been transported to the mainstream Earth.

Powers and abilities

Having trained under Steve Rogers, the original Captain America in World War II, and others in the time leading up to WWII, "Bucky" Barnes is a master of hand to hand combat and martial arts, as well as being skilled in the use of military weapons such as firearms and grenades. He also used throwing knives on occasion and was a gifted advance scout. His time as the covert Soviet agent known as the Winter Soldier helped to further hone his skills. Brainwashed into working for the Soviets, as the Winter Soldier, Barnes became an expert assassin and spy. Barnes's left arm is also cybernetic with superhuman strength and enhanced reaction time. The arm can also function when not in contact with Barnes (presumably by cybernetic brain implants) and can discharge bolts of electrical energy from its palm. As the new Captain America, Barnes possesses the original, indestructible, vibrainium-steel alloy shield used by his predecessor, as well as a kevlar/nomex blend costume. He often carries several conventional weapons such as knives, guns, and grenades.

Of the others to use the name, only Monroe and Hoskins had augmented strength and reflexes. Fred Davis, Rick Jones, and Rikki Barnes were merely highly skilled in acrobatic fighting techniques. The infant, Winters, had no training.

Other versions

"Batman/Captain America"

In the DC Comics/Marvel Comics one-shot intercompany crossover "Batman/Captain America" (Dec. 1996), written and drawn by John Byrne and set during World War II, Bucky briefly takes Dick Grayson/Robin's place as Batman's sidekick, while Robin becomes Captain America's. In this alternate reality (set in one of DC Comics' numerous "Elseworlds" continuities), Bucky dies (off-page) as he had done in numerous "Avengers" and "Captain America" recollections.

"Bullet Points"

In the alternate reality of this five-issue miniseries (Jan.-May 2005), James Barnes never teams up with Steve Rogers as the Super-Soldier program was never activated. However, Rogers volunteers for the 'Iron Man' program and as such, saves Barnes and several fellow soldiers from an advancing tank. Unfortunately he is not swift enough to save Barnes from severe damage to his legs.

Marvel Zombies

In the second issue of the crossover miniseries "Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness", a zombified Winter Soldier appears and attempts to devour Dazzler. This version of the Winter Soldier is ultimately killed by Ash Williams, who shoots his head off with his "boomstick".

Ultimate Bucky

In the alternate reality Ultimate Marvel universe, Captain America had an adult sidekick, Bucky Barnes. This Bucky was a childhood friend of Steve Rogers who accompanies him on his missions as an Army press photographer. Surviving the war and believing Rogers had died during his last mission, Bucky eventually marries Rogers' fiancée Gail. Barnes and Gail both live to see Rogers' revival in the 21st century and renew their friendship with him.

U.S. War Machine (Marvel MAX)

In the alternate reality Marvel MAX series "U.S. War Machine", Bucky was serving in the present as Captain America, as the Captain had died in his stead in World War II. Bucky was accompanied here by two assistants, Hawkeye and Falcon, neither wearing a costume and both addressed by their real names.

What If?

In the 2005 "What If?" event, the Captain America story, set during the American Civil War, featured Steve Rogers' commanding officer, Colonel Buck Barnes, whom the men called "Bucky". His mercenary tendencies led to Rogers' desertion, and when he later intervened in Rogers' transformation into Captain America, his face was destroyed, turning him into an undead being known as the White Skull.

In other media

Television

Bucky appears in an animated series entitled "The Marvel Superheroes".

Film

Ultimate Bucky appears in the animated movie "Ultimate Avengers".

Video game

The Winter Soldier appears in the video game "" voiced by Crispin Freeman. In the game, he is a member of Dr. Doom's Masters of Evil. He is seen working with Radioactive Man. They are thwarted by Spider-Man, Captain America and other Marvel Heroes.

Footnotes

References

* [http://www.newsarama.com/Marvel/CAp/BuckyBarnes.htm "Newsarama": "Bucky Barnes, Badass"]
* [http://www.newsarama.com/marvelnew/CapAmerica/Cap06.htm "Newsarama": "Did He, or Didn't He? Ed Brubaker on "Captain America" #6"]
* [http://www.newsarama.com/forums/showthread.php?s=b58bf0b3f4ac23ca6c67b76bfc0cf995&threadid=58008 "Newsarama": "SPOILER SPORT: Ed Brubaker on the Winter Soldier"] and "Captain America" #14
* [http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=93450 "Newsarama": Ed Brubaker interview]

External links

* [http://prettyfakes.com/?p=591 "Pretty Fakes": "The Trouble With Bucky"]