Ukrainians in Russia

Infobox Ethnic group
group = Ukrainians in Russia


caption = S. Korolyov • L. Pavlichenko • I. Lagutenko • Taras Shevchenko
A. Dovzhenko • A. Akhmatova • N. Gogol • Dmytro Bortniansky
poptime = In the 2002 Russian census, 2,942,961 identified themselves as ethnic Ukrainians. [cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php|title= All-Russian population census, 2001. National composition of population by region.|accessdate=2007-08-05|date=|year=2002|month=October 9-16|work=Russian Federal Service of State Statistics|publisher=Демоскоп Weekly|language=Russian] 2.03% of the population of Russia
popplace =
langs = Mostly Russian language. Also Ukrainian language
rels = Predominantly Russian Orthodox. Minorities of Byzantine Catholic and Protestants communities exist. Many consider themselves Atheists.
related-c= Ukrainians, other Slavic peoples especially East Slavs

The Ukrainians in Russia make up the largest single Ukrainian diaspora of the Ukrainian people. Officially there are 2,942,961 Ukrainians living in Russia or just over 2% of the total population making them the third largest ethnic group after ethnic Russians and Tatars in the Russian Federation.

History

Early History

Up until the 13th century, East Slavs existed as one state under a powerful Kievan Rus. The Eastern Slavs migrated through the modern Ukraine and into what is now central Russia.

Grand Prince of Kiev Vladimir II Monomakh founded the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, and his son Yuri Dolgoruki founded the city of Moscow in 1147. However by the end of the 12th century the prominence of Rus' began to decline as Kiev's central role became disputed by the surrounding principalities which were increasingly more powerful and independent. Dolgoruky's son Andrei I Bogolyubsky plundered Kiev in 1169, an event that allowed the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal to take a leading role as the predecessor of the modern Russian state.

The sacking of Kiev itself in December 1240 during the Mongol Invasion led to the ultimate collapse of the Rus' state. For many of its residents, the brutality of Mongol attacks sealed the fate of many choosing to find safe haven in the North East. In 1299, the Kievan Metropolitan Chair was moved to Vladimir by Metropolitan Maximus, keeping the titile "of Kiev". As Vladimir-Suzdal, and later the Grand Duchy of Moscow continued to grow unhindered, the Orthodox religious link between them and Kiev remained strong. Envoys continued to be sent to Moscow from the Kiev Pechersk Lavra. Professional artisans, builders, craftsmen and lay-people also traveled to Moscow where they could more easily earn a living.

The Southern Ruthenians found themselves within a new state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After the union of Jogaila and Kingdom of Poland in 1386 this state became officially Catholic in leadership. This isolated its majority Orthodox population, and soon many notable Ruthenian leaders began to leave for Moscow. In 1408 a group of nobles led by Švitrigaila along with the Chernihiv bishop together with a significant group of soldiers defected to Moscow. Others followed. Trade though initially sporadic, traveling through Chernihiv and Putyvl.

The frequent Russo-Lithuanian Wars meant that in 1448, Moscow Metropolitan Jonah, despite of the fall of Byzantium, achieved full Autocephaly for the Russian Orthodox Church. The title "of Kiev" remained with the Kievan Metropolia, which was under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople.

The emigration to the Tsardom of Russia continued to grow in the 16th century. Prominent examples include Michael Glinski who staged a powerful rebellion against Lithuanian rule in February 1508 all those that took part in the uprising, who would receive a boyar title along with villages and lands around Medyn for settlement. In mid-16th century the Ukrainian Hetman Dmytro Vyshnevetsky visited Moscow where he served in the court of Tsar Ivan IV and received in return the city of Belyov on the river Tula and surrounding villages and homesteads as rewards. Trade also grew considerably in this period, and many Ukrainian Slobodas were founded in Russian cities.

Many Ukrainian settlers settled in areas that lay between the old Zasechnaya cherta and the new defence line that would guard Russia from the frequent raids by the Nogais and the Crimean Tatars. This became known as Sloboda Ukraine, and initial forts, such as Kursk, Voronezh and Kharkov were founded and settled by Ukrainian peasants that served the garrisons stationed there. According to the writings of the English trader D. Fletcher in 1588, these garrison towns had 4300 soldiers of which 4000 had come from Ukraine. The number of Ukrainian settlers in the southern borders of Russia increased after the unsuccessful revolts against the Poles. As a result the bulk of the population became mixed.

17th and 18th centuries

After the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654, migration to Russia from Ukraine increased. Initially this was to Sloboda Ukraine, but also to the Don lands and the area of the Volga river. There was also a significant migration to Moscow, particularly by church activists: priests and monks, scholars and teachers, artists, translators, singers and merchants. A colony was built in Moscow called the Malorossiysky dvor. In 1652 12 singers under the direction of Ternopolsky moved to Moscow, 13 graduates of the Kiev-Mogilla Collegium moved to teach the Moscovite gentry. Many priests and church administrators migrated from Ukraine, in particular the established Andreyevsky Monastery was made up from Ukrainian clergy. This had a great affect on the Russian Orthodox Church, and the policies of Patriarch Nikon which led to the Old Believer Raskol (schism). The influence of Ukrainian clergy continued to grow, especially after 1686, when the Metropolia of Kiev was transferred from the Patriarch of Constantinople to the Patriarch of Moscow.

Soon after, the abolishment of the Patriarch's chair by Peter I, the Ukrainian Stephen Yavorsky became Mitropolitan of Moscow, followed by Feofan Prokopovich. Demetrius of Rostov became of Tobol and Siberia, and from 1704 Rostov and Yaroslavl. In all over 70 positions in the Orthodox hierarchy were taken by recent emigres from Kiev. Students of the Kiev-Mohyla Collegium started up schools and seminaries in many Russian eparchies. By 1750, over 125 such institutions were opened. As a result, these graduates practically controlled the Russian church obtaining key posts there (and holding them to almost the end of the 18th century). Under Prokopovich the Russian Academy of Sciences was opened in 1724 which was chaired from 1746 by Ukrainian Kirill Razumovsky.Yuri Kagramanov, " [http://magazines.russ.ru/novyi_mi/2006/8/ka10.html The war of languages in Ukraine] ", Novy Mir, 2006, № 8]

The Moscow court had a choir established in 1713 with 21 singers from Ukraine. The conductor for a period of time was A. Vedel. In 1741 44 male, 33 women, and 55 girls were moved to St. Petersburg from Ukraine to sing and entertain. In 1763 the head conductor of the Emperor's court choir was M. Poltoratsky and later Dmitry Bortniansky. Composer Maksym Berezovsky also worked in St. Petersburg at the time. A significant Ukrainian presence was also seen in the Academy of Arts.

The Ukrainian presence in the Russian Army also grew significantly. The greatest influx happened after the Battle of Poltava in 1709. Large numbers of Ukrainians settled around St Petersburg and were employed in the building of the city, the various fortresses and canals.

A separate category of emigrants were those deported to Moscow by the Russian government for demonstrating anti-Russian sentiment. The deported were brought to Moscow initially for investigation, and then exiled to Siberia, Arkhangelsk or the Solovetsky Islands. Among the deported were Ukrainian cossack luminaries as D. Mhohohrishny, Ivan Samoylovych and Petro Doroshenko. Others include all the family of hetman Ivan Mazepa, A. Vojnarovsky, and those in Mazepa's Cossack forces that returned back to Russia.Fact|date=July 2008 Some were imprisoned in exile for the rest of their lives such as hetman Pavlo Polubotok, Pavlo Holovaty, P. Hloba and Petro Kalnyshevsky.

19th century

Beginning in the 19th century, there was a continuous migration from Belarus, Ukraine and Northern Russia to settle the distant areas of the Russian Empire. The promise of free fertile land was an important factor for many peasants who until 1861, lived under Serfdom. In the colonization of the new lands, a significant contribution was made by ethnic Ukrainians. Initially Ukrainians colonised border territories in the Caucasus. Most of these settlers came from Left-bank Ukraine and Slobozhanshchyna and mainly settled in the Stavropol, and Terek areas. Some compact areas of the Don, Volga and Urals were also settled.

The Ukrainians created large settlements within Russia often becoming the majority in certain centres. They continued fostering their traditions, their language and their architecture. Their village structure and administration differed somewhat from the Russian population that surrounded them. [Kubiyovych (ed) Entsyklopedia Ukrainoznavstva Vol.7, p.2597 ] Where populations were mixed, russification often took place. [Kubiyovych (ed) Entsyklopedia Ukrainoznavstva Vol.7, p.2597 ] The size and geographical area of the Ukrainian settlements were first seen in the course of the Russian Empire Census of 1897. This census noted only language, not ethnicity. Nonetheless a total of 22,380,551 Ukrainian speakers were recorded. Within the European territories of Russia 1,020,000 Ukrainians, in Asia (not including the Caucasus) 209,000 were recorded. From 1897-1914, the intense migration of Ukrainians to the Urals and Asia continued, and was measured to be 1.5 million before ceasing in 1915.

20th century

The formation of Ukrainian borders

The first Russian Empire Census, conducted in 1897 gave statistics regarding language use in the Russian Empire according to the administrative borders. Extensive use of Little Russian (and in some cases dominance) was noted in the nine south-western Governorates and the Kuban Oblast. [ 1897 Census on Demoscope.ru [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php Retrieved] on 20th May 2007.] When the future borders of the Ukrainian state were marked, the results of the census were taken into consideration. As a result the ethnographic borders of Ukraine in the 20th century were twice as large as the Cossack Hetmanate that was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 17th. [Stanislav Kulchitsky, "Imperia i my", Vol. 9, 26 Jan. 2006. [http://www.day.kiev.ua/156240/ Retrieved] on 19 March 2007.]

Certain regions had mixed populations made up of both Ukrainian and Russian ethnicities as well as other minorities. These include the territory of Sloboda and the Donbass. These territories were between Ukraine and Russia. This left a large community of ethnic Ukrainians on the Russian side of the border. The borders of the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic were largely preserved by the Ukrainian SSR.

In the course of the mid-1920s, the course of administrative reforms some territory, initially under the Ukrainian SSR was ceded to the Russian SFSR, such as the Taganrog and Shakhty cities in the eastern Donbass. At the time, the Ukrainian SSR gained several territories that were amalgamated into the Sumy Oblast in Sloboda region.

oviet-time migration

The Soviet Union was officially a multicultural country with no official national language. On paper all languages and cultures were guaranteed state protection Union-wide. In reality, however, the Ukrainians were granted the opportunity to meaningfully develop their culture only within the administrative borders of the Ukrainian Republic, where the Ukrainians had a privileged status of being the titular nation. As many Ukrainians migrated to other parts of the USSR, the cultural separation often led in their assimilation, particularly within Russia, which received the highest percentage of the Ukrainian migration. In Siberia, 82% of Ukrainians entered mixed marriages, primarily with Russians. This meant that outside the Ukrainian SSR, there was little or no provision for continuing a diaspora function. As a result Ukrainian press be found only in large cities such as Moscow. Ukrainian cultural attributes such as clothing and national foods were preserved. According to Soviet sociologist, 27% of the Ukrainians in Siberia read printed material in Ukrainian and 38% used the Ukrainian language. From time to time, Ukrainian groups would visit Siberia. Nonetheless, most of the Ukrainians there did assimilate.

According to Volodymyr Kubiyovych and Aleksandr Zhukovsky the area of Ukrainian ethnic territory outside of the borders of the Ukrainian SSR (1970) where an ethnic Ukrainian majority lived was estimated to be 146,500 square kilometres, and the area of nationally mixed territories make up approximately 747,600 square kilometres.

Ukrainian life in post-Soviet Russia

The Ukrainian cultural renaissance in Russia began in the last years of the 1980s, with the formation of the Slavutych Society in Moscow and the formation of the Ukrainian Cutural Centre named after T. Shevchenko in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg).

In 1991, the Ukraina Society organized a conference in Kiev with delegates from the various new Ukrainian Community oraganizations of the Eastern Diaspora. By 1991, over 20 such organizations were in existence. By 1992, 600 organizations were registered in Russia alone. The Congress helped to consolidate the efforts of these organizations. From 1992, regional congresses began to take place, organized by the Ukrainian organizations of Prymoria, Tyumen Oblast, Siberia and the Far East. In March 1992, the Union of Ukrainian organizations in Moscow was founded. In May of that year - The Union of Ukrainians in Russia.

In 1992, for the first time a term called "Eastern Diaspora" was used to describe Ukrainians living in the former USSR, as opposed to the Western Ukrainian Diaspora which was used until then to describe all Ukrainian diaspora outside the Union. The estimated number of Ukrainians living in the Eastern Diaspora is 6.8 million, and while those in the West is approximately 5 million.

Religion

The vast majority of Ukrainians in Russia are adherents of the Russian Orthodox Church, as stated above, the Ukrianian clergy had a very influential role on Russian Orthodoxy in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Recently, the growing economic migrant population from Galicia have had success in establishing a few Ukrainian Catholic, and there are even several Churches belonging to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kiev Patriarchate), where Patriarch Filaret agreed to accept a few breakaway groups that were excommuned by the Russian Orthodox Church for various breaking of canon law.

Some point out that Russian beuracratics with respect to religion hamper the expansion of the two groups above. [Regarding the census in Russia and the rights of Ukainians. [http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/865/56/ Retrieved 11.20.07] ] . According to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, their denomination has only one church building in all of Russia [ [http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/press-releases/article;5911/ Ukrainian Greek–Catholic Church / Press-releases / The first Catholic church in Russia built in the Byzantine style has been blessed: ] ]

Compact Ukrainian population centres in Russia

Kuban

The original Black Sea Cossacks came to colonise the Kuban back in 1792, but in the wake of the Caucasus War, and the subsequent colonisation of the Circaucasus, the Black Sea Cossacks, intermixed with many other ethnic groups such as the indigenous Cirsassian population.

Nevertheless, according to the 1897 census, 47.3% of the Kuban population (including extensive latter-19th century non-Cossack migrants from both Ukraine and Russia) referred to their native language as Little Russian (the official term for the Ukrainian language) while 42.6% referred to their native language as Great Russian. [Demoscope.ru, 1897 census results for the [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php Kuban Oblast] ] . Officially the Kuban Cossack dialect Balachka (a hybrid of Russian, Ukrainian and Circassian tongues) was listed under Little Russian by the census as well. Most of the cultural production in Kuban from the 1890s until the outbreak of World War I in 1914, such as plays, stories and music were written in the Ukrainian language The politics of identity in a Russian borderland province: the Kuban neo-Cossack movement, 1989-1996, by Georgi M. Derluguian and Serge Cipko; Europe-Asia Studies; December 1997 [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n8_v49/ai_20545809/pg_1 URL] ] , and one of the first political parties in Kuban was the Ukrainian Revolutionary PartyThe politics of identity in a Russian borderland province: the Kuban neo-Cossack movement, 1989-1996, by Georgi M. Derluguian and Serge Cipko; Europe-Asia Studies; December 1997 [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n8_v49/ai_20545809/pg_1 URL] ] . During the Russian Civil War with the Kuban Cossack Rada desperate for survival, turned to the Ukrainian People's Republic and formed a military alliance, as well declaring Ukrainian to be the official language of the Kuban National Republic. This decision was not supported uniformly by the Cossacks themselves and soon the Rada itself was dissolved by the Russian White Denikin's Volunteer Army.The politics of identity in a Russian borderland province: the Kuban neo-Cossack movement, 1989-1996, by Georgi M. Derluguian and Serge Cipko; Europe-Asia Studies; December 1997 [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n8_v49/ai_20545809/pg_1 URL] ] In the 1920s a policy of Decossackization was pursued. At the same time, the Bolshevik authorities supported policies that promoted the Ukrainian language and self-identity, such as opening 700 Ukrainian-language schools and a Ukrainian department in the local university [ Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World, edited by A.L. Pawliczko, University of Toronto Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8020-0595-0] . Russian historians claim that Cossacks were in this way forcibly cite book|last=Shambarov|first=Valery|title=Kazachestvo Istoriya Volnoy Rusi|publisher=Algoritm Expo, Moscow|date=2007|isbn=987-5-699-20121-1] Ukrainized, while Ukrainian historians claim that Ukrainization in Kuban merely paralleled Ukrainization in Ukraine itself, where people were being taught in their native language. According to the 1926 census, there were nearly a million Ukrainians registered in the Kuban Okrug alone (or 62% of the total population) [ Kuban Okrug from the 1926 census [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_26.php?reg=862 demoscope.ru] ] During this period many Soviet repressions were "tested" on the Cossack lands, particularly the "Black Boards" that led to the Soviet famine of 1932-1934 in the Kuban. Yet by the mid-1930s there was an abrupt policy change of Soviet attitude towards the Cossacks. In the Kuban, the unpopularViktor Zakharchenko, Folk songs of the Kuban, 1997 [http://www.geocities.com/terek_kaz/pesni/peskub.htm Retrieved 07 November 2007] ] .Ukrainization was called off, and its effects were reversed. Simultaneously in 1936 the Kuban Cossack Chorus was re-formed as were individual Cossack regiments in the Red Army. By the end of the 1930s nearly all of the Cossacks' descendants chose to re-identify themselves as Russians. [cite book|last=Kaiser|first=Robert|title=The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR|publisher=Princeton University Press, New Jersey|date=1994|isbn=0-691-03254-8] From that moment onwards almost all of the self-identified Ukrainians in the Kuban, date to non-Cossacks, the Soviet Census of 1989 showed that a total of 251,198 people in Krasnodar Kray (including Adyghe Autonomous Oblast) who were born in the Ukrainian SSR [Demoscope.ru Soviet Census of 1989, population distribution in region by region of birth. [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_pob_89.php?reg=21 Retrieved 13 November 2007] ] , and moved there by time of census. In the 2002 census, the number of people who identified themselves as Ukrainians in the Kuban was recorded to be 151,788. Despite the fact that most of the Kuban Cossacks descendants do not think of themselves as Ukrainians, and identify themselves as ethnic Russians. [cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=38|title=Russian census 2002|accessdate=2007-04-22] , many elements of their unique culture originates from Ukraine, such as the Kuban Bandurist music, and the hybrid dialect Balachka which they speak. Viktor Zakharchenko, Folk songs of the Kuban, 1997 [http://www.geocities.com/terek_kaz/pesni/peskub.htm Retrieved 07 November 2007] ] .

Moscow

Moscow has had a significant Ukrainian presence since the seventeenth century. The original Ukrainian settlement, bordered Kitai-gorod. No longer having a Ukrainian character, it is today is known as Maroseyka (a corruption of Malorusseyka, or Little Russian). During Soviet times the main street, Maroseyka, was named after the Ukrainian Cossack hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky. After Moscow State University was founded in 1755, from its inception many students from Ukraine studied there. Many of these students had commenced their studies at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.

In the first years after the revolution of 1905 Moscow was one of the major centres of the Ukrainian movement for self awareness. The magazine Zoria was edited by A. Krymsky and from 1912-7 the Ukrainian cultural and literary magazine "Ukrainskaya zhizn'" was also published there edited by Symon Petliura. Books in the Ukrainian language were published in Moscow from 1912 and Ukrainian theatrical troops of M. Kropovnytsky and M. Sadovsky were constantly performing there.

Moscow's Ukrainians played an active role in opposing the attempted putsch in August 1991 [http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1991/529104.shtml] .

According to the 2001 census, there are 253,644 Ukrainians living in the city of Moscow [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=18] , making them the third largest ethnic group in that city, after Russians and Tatars. A further 147,808 Ukrainians live in the Moscow region. The Ukrainian community in Moscow operates a cultural center on Arbat Street, publishes two Ukrainian-language newspapers, and has organized Ukrainian-language Saturday and Sunday schools.

aint Petersburg

When Saint Petersburg was the capital during the Russian Empire era many people from all nations and including Ukrainians moved to it. The Ukrainian well known poet Taras Shevchenko, and Dmytro Bortniansky spent most of their lives and died in Saint Petersburg.

According to the latest census, there are 87,119 Ukrainians currently living in the city of St. Petersburg, where they constitute the largest non-Russian ethnic group in the city [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=29] . The present mayor of Saint Petersburg, Valentina Matviyenko was born in Khmelnytskyi Oblast of western Ukraine and is of Ukrainian ethnicity.

Zelyony Klin

Zeleny Klyn is often referred to as "Zelena Ukraina". This is an area of land settled by Ukrainians which is a part of the Far Eastern Siberia located on the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean. It was named by the Ukrainian settlers. The territory consists of over 1,000,000 square kilometres and has a population of 3.1 million (1958).The Ukrainian population in 1926 made up 41%-47% of the population Fact|date=December 2007. In the last Russian census, 94,058 people in Primorsky Krai claimed Ukrainian ethnicity [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=81] , making Ukrainians the second largest ethnic group and largest ethnic minority.

ery Klin

The Ukrainian settlement of Siry Klyn was founded around city of Omsk. M. Bondarenko, an emigrant from Poltava province, wrote before WWI: "The city of Omsk looks like a typical Moscovite city, but the bazaar and markets speaks Ukrainian". All around the city of Omsk were Ukrainian villages. The settlement of people beyond the Ural mountains began in the 1860s. Altogether before WWI 1,604,873 emigrants from Ukraine settled the area. Today, according to the latest Russian census, 77,884 people of Omsk region identify themselves as Ukrainians, making Ukrainians the third largest ethnic group there, after Russians and Kazakhs [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php?reg=81] .

[http://www.siryj-klyn.narod.ru/ Siry klyn Ukrainian community portal]

Demographics

tatistics and scholarship

Statistical information about Ukrainians in the Eastern diaspora from census materials of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation was collected in 1897, 1920, 1923, 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 and 2002. Of which, only the 1937 census has been discarded and a semi-fixed 1939 census was carried out.

In the aftermath of the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, attention has been focused on the Eastern Ukrainian diaspora by the Society for relations with Ukrainians outside of Ukraine. Numerous attempts have been made to unite them. The journal "Zoloti Vorota" began to be published by the Society for relations with Ukrainians outside of Ukraine and also the magazine "Ukrainian Diaspora" in 1991.

Trends

During the 1990s, the Ukrainian population in Russia has noticeably decreased. This was caused by a number of factors. The most important one was the general population decline in Russia. At the same time, a lot of Economic migrants from Ukraine moved to Russia for better paid jobs and careers. It is estimated that there are as many as 300 000 [ [http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/1425/35/ KOBZA - Українці Росії - Украинцы в России: еще братья, но уже гости ] ] legally registered migrants. In wake of negative sentiments to the bulk of economic migrants from the Caucasus and Central Asians, Ukrainians are thus often more trusted by the Russian population.

Anti-Ukrainian sentiment in Russia

Ukrainians in the Russian Federation represent a sizeable minority in the country and the third largest ethnic group after Russians and Tatars. In spite of their relatively high numbers, some Ukrainians in Russia complain of the unfair treatment and the prevailing anti-Ukrainian sentiment in the Russian Federation. [Open letter to the Comissar of the OSCE from the Union of Ukrainians in the Urals [http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/600/36/ Retrieved 11.20.07] ] [Letter to President Putin from the Union of Ukrainians in Bashkiria [http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/1681/48/ Retrieved 11.20.07] ] In particular several Ukrainian organizations in Russia complain of the wide and persistent use of anti-Ukrainian ethnic slurs in the mainstream Russian media, television and film. [Press release of the Ukrainian cultural authority in Novosibirsk [http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/602/36/ Retrieved 11.20.07] ] Negative and decidedly anti-Ukrainian attitude persists among several Russian politicians, which is expressed in particular by the mayor of Moscow Yuri Luzhkov and the Deputy Speaker of the Russian Parliament, Vladimir Zhirinovsky. [The Ukrainian Pravda. Why Cannot Zhirinovsky and Zatulin Wash Their Feet in the Black Sea on the Ukrainian coast? [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2006/6/8/42718.htm Retrieved 11.20.07] ]

In addition, in spite of their significant presence in Russia, Ukrainians in that country have a far smaller access to the Ukrainian-language schools and Ukrainian churches than do other ethnic groups. In Vladivostock, according to the head of the Ukrainian government's department of Ukrainian Diaspora Affairs, local Russian officials banned a Ukrainian Sunday school in order not to "accentuate national issues" [The Ukrainian Weekly. 2003: The Year in Review. Diaspora Developments: news from East to West. [http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2004/020417.shtml Retrieved 11.20.07] ]

With respect to religion, according to the claims of the president of the Ukrainan World Congress in 2001, persistent requests to register a Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate or a Ukrainian Catholic Church were hampered due to "particular discrimination" against them, while other Catholic, Muslim and Jewish denominations faired far better. [Regarding the census in Russia and the rights of Ukainians. [http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/865/56/ Retrieved 11.20.07] ] . According to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, by 2007 their denomination has only one church building in all of Russia [http://www.ugcc.org.ua/eng/press-releases/article;5911/] .

Famous Ukrainians in Russia

in Culture

* Anna Akhmatova - poet
* Maksym Berezovsky - Composer
* Dmytro Bortniansky - Composer
* Alexander Dovzhenko - film-maker, writer
* Nikolai Fomenko - Musician, actor, TV-host
* Nikolai Gogol - Writer
* Taras Shevchenko - poet, painter, writer
* Larisa Shepitko- film director
* Stepan Petrichenko
* Lyudmila Pavlichenko
* Sergei Bondarchuk - Film director and actor (Ukrainian father, Russian mother)
* Ilia Lagutenko - musician
* Orest Somov‎ - writer
* Elena Yakovleva - actress

in Sports

* Anatoliy Tymoschuk - Soccer player.
* Olexandr Spivak - Soccer player.
* Nikolai Fomenko - auto racing, founder of the team Russian Age Racing, the first Russian license team to race at the FIA GT.
* Fedor Emelianenko and Aleksander Emelianenko Mixed martial arts fighters (Ukrainian father, Russian mother)

in Science

* Yuri Gidzenko - cosmanaut
* Yuri Kondratyuk
* Sergey Korolyov (Ukrainian mother Russian father)
* Anatoly Fomenko
* Pyotr Zinchenko
* Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich
* Igor Sikorsky (quarter Ukrainian, was also partly Polish and Russian.)
* Trofim Lysenko

in Soviet/Russian Politics

* Leonid Brezhnev (Russian father, Ukrainian mother)
* Eduard Limonov (Ukrainian father Russian mother)

ee also

* Demographics of Russia
* Ukrainian diaspora
* Russians in Ukraine

References

Footnotes

ources

*
* Українське козацтво - Енциклопедія - Kyiv, 2006
*
*
*
* Польовий Р. Кубанська Україна К. Дiокор 2003.
*
* Сергійчук В. Українізація Росії К. 2000 [http://kobza.com.ua/content/view/1579/45/ Internet site for Ukrainians in Russia]

External links

* [http://www.gutenberg-e.org/osc01/images/osc05a.html Races of Europe 1942-1943] en icon
* [http://www.anesi.com/rmap2.jpgHammond's Racial map of Europe 1923] en icon
* [http://www.coletta.de/kolonien/Die%20Voelker%20Europas%201914%20xxl.jpgPeoples of Europe / Die Voelker Europas 1914] de icon
* [http://cla.calpoly.edu/~mriedlsp/History315/Maps/map2.html Ethnographic map of Europe 1914] en icon