Maximal subgroup

Lattice of subgroups of the symmetric group S₄
M. s. are A₄, three Dih₄ and four S₃
(Compare: Subgroups of S₄)

Lattice of subgroups of the dihedral group Dih₄
M. s. are Z₄ and two Z₂²

In mathematics, the term maximal subgroup is used to mean slightly different things in different areas of algebra.

In group theory, a maximal subgroup H of a group G is a proper subgroup, such that no proper subgroup K contains H strictly. In other words H is a maximal element of the partially ordered set of proper subgroups of G. Maximal subgroups are of interest because of their direct connection with primitive permutation representations of G. They are also much studied for the purposes of finite group theory: see for example Frattini subgroup, the intersection of the maximal subgroups.

In semigroup theory, a maximal subgroup of a semigroup S is a subgroup (that is, a subsemigroup which forms a group under the semigroup operation) of S which is not properly contained in another subgroup of S. Notice that, here, there is no requirement that the maximal subgroup be proper, so if S is in fact a group then its unique maximal subgroup (as a semigroup) is S itself. Considering subgroups, and in particular maximal subgroups, of semigroups often allows one to apply group-theoretic techniques in semigroup theory. There is a one-to-one correspondence between idempotent elements of a semigroup and maximal subgroups of the semigroup: each idempotent element is the identity element of a unique maximal subgroup.

Existence of maximal subgroup

Although every proper subgroup of a finite group is contained in a maximal subgroup, there are infinite Abelian groups that contain no maximal subgroups. ^[1]

Maximal normal subgroup

Similarly, a normal subgroup N of G is said to be a maximal normal subgroup (or maximal proper normal subgroup) of G if N<G and there is no normal subgroup K of G such that N<K<G . We have the following theorem:

Theorem: A normal subgroup N of a group G is a maximal normal subgroup if and only if the quotient G/N is simple.^[2]

References

1. ^ "Planet Math". http://planetmath.org/?op=getobj&from=objects&id=8564. 
2. ^ "Planet Math". http://planetmath.org/?op=getobj&from=objects&id=2198.