Military of New France

Military of New France

The Military of New France consisted of a mix of regular soldiers of the French Army, French Navy and Canadien volunteer militia units.

Prior to 1690 most French troops were sent from France, but localization meant by 1690, (In 1669 Louis XIV orderd that all valid men of New France between the ages of 16 and 60 must do mandatory military service so every parish will have its own militia) more were Canadien volunteers and by 1720s mostly Canadiens.[1]

Contents

Installations

Château Saint-Louis

The French and Canadiens built forts from Newfoundland to Louisiana and others captured from the British from the 1600s to the late 1700s. Some were a mix of military post and trading forts.

Fort Chambly 1840
Virtual Museum of Canada Fort Lachine (1913)
Fort Niagara
Fort Saint Jean
  • Fort Saint Joseph 1691-1795
  • Fort Saint Nicholas 1685-
  • Fort Saint Pierre 1731-1812?
  • Fort Sandoské 1747-1763
  • Fort Senneville 1671-1691; 1692-1776
  • Fort Tourette 1683-1763
  • Fort Trempealeau 1685-1731
  • Fort Verchères 1672-
  • Fort Vincennes 1731-1766
  • Fort Ville-Marie 1642-74; demolished 1688

Units

Régiment Carignan-Salières soldier
Régiment de Languedoc soldier
  • French Army
    • Carignan-Salières Regiment (Régiment de Carignan-Salières) - volunteer army unit (1665–1668)
      • François Cottineau, dit Champlaurier, a member of this unit and ancestor of PM Sir Wilfrid Laurier
    • Régiment suisse de Karrer 1722-1745 (Louisbourg); 1747-1749 (Quebec)
      • 176 soldiers and 4 officers 1740s
    • Canadian Voyageurs - militia unit
    • militia artillery corps (2 brigades) - 1723
    • Reserve companies (2 units) - 1750s
    • The Governor General's Guard 1672-1682 - 20 mounted men-at-arms or carabineers for Louis de Buade, Count Frontenac
    • Compagnie des canonniers-bombardiers de Quebec (Gunner and Bombardier Company) 1750-1760 - consisted of 43 gunners/bombers
    • Régiment de la Reine 1755-1760
    • Régiment de Guyenne 1755-1760
    • Régiment de Berry 1755-1760
    • Régiment de Béarn 1755-1760
    • Régiment La Sarre 1755-1760
    • Régiment Royal Roussillon 1755-1760
    • Régiment de Languedoc 1755-1760
      • 2 companies
    • Marechaussee - police unit
  • French Navy
Compagnies Franches de la Marine
    • 28 Compagnies Franches de la Marine (Naval Corps) 1683-1755
      • 30 companies 1750s with 1500 soldiers and 120 officers
    • Compagnies franches de la Marine of Acadia
      • 4 companies with 200 soldiers and 12 officers by 1702
    • Compagnies franches de la Marine of Plaisance
      • 3 companies with 150 soldiers and 9 officers by 1690s
    • Compagnies franches de la Marine on Ile Royale 1710s
      • 24 companies with 1200 soldiers and 96 officers by 1749
    • Bombardiers de la Marine (Navy Bombardiers) 1702-1760s
    • Troupes de la marine (Troops of Marines) 1682-1755
    • Galley Troops (Pertuisaniers des Galères)

Military commanders

General Montcalm

French Royal Navy

Le Pélican

Ranks

  • mounted men-at-arms (carabineers)
  • lieutenant
  • pikeman
  • captain
  • corporal
  • drummer
  • bombardier
  • Sergeant
  • grenadier or artilleryman
  • cornet
  • master gunner
  • gunner
  • archers

Weapons

  • muskets
    • light hunting musket by militia units
    • flintlock muskets by marines
    • matchlock muskets with bayonets by marines
  • swords
  • pike - used by pikemen
  • hatchet - used by militiamen
  • halbard

Ships

A list of ships posted to New France:

  • La Tempête

Ship building in New France 1650s and repair facilities were available in Quebec and Louisburg.

Ships built in Quebec shipyard include:

  • 500-tonne store ship launched on June 4, 1742
  • Caribou, a 700-tonne store ship launched on May 13, 1744
  • Castor, a 26-gun frigate launched on May 16, 1745
  • Carcajou, a 12-gun corvette built in 1744-45
  • Martre, a 22-gun frigate launched on June 6, 1746
  • Saint-Laurent, a 60-gun vessel launched on June 13, 1748
  • Original, a 60-gun vessel - sank when launched on September 2, 1750
  • Algonquin, a 72-gun ship launched in June 1753
  • Abénaquise, a 30-gun frigate launched in the spring of 1756
  • 30-gun frigate begun in 1756 but not completed

References

  1. ^ A Canadian Military Elite is Born

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