Devapi

In Hindu mythology, Devapi (Sanskrit: देवापि, Devāpi) or Devāpi Arṣṭiṣeṇa is an immortal sage. According to the Nirukta (ii.10), the Brihaddevata, the Mahabharata and the Puranas, he was a Kuru prince and the eldest son of King Pratipa of Hastinapura. He was a noble and well-liked prince but he was not allowed to succeed Pratipa, because he was affected with leprosy and the council of Brahmins and elderly citizens were opposed to this proposal. As a result of this, his younger brother Shantanu succeeded Pratipa as the king of Hastinapura.^[1] Later Devapi retired to the forest for penance. According to the Matsya Purana and the Bhagavata Purana, he along with sage Maru will remain alive till the end of the present Kaliyuga at a place called Kalapagrama and will revive the Paurava dynasty in the next Kritayuga.^[2]

Devapi and drought in Kuru realm

According to the Brihaddevata of Shaunaka, when Devapi abdicated the throne in favour of Shantanu and left for forest, the realm of Kuru suffered from severe drought for twelve years, as Parjanya didnot rain. Finally, Shantanu along with his subjects went to the forest and offered him the Kuru throne, which he declined. Instead, he agreed to become Shantanu's purohita (priest) and conduct a yajna (sacrifice) for him to produce rain.^[3] A later version of this narrative is found in the Vishnu Purana (IV.20), but there, according to Romila Thapar, the Vedic narrative is readjusted to highlight the importance of primogeniture. According to the Vishnu Purana, the reason of drought, as explained to Shantanu by his brahmin ministers, was the displeaure of the gods because of Shantanu's ascending the throne in place of his elder brother, a violation of the law of primogeniture. When, a wily minister of Shantanu heard this, he despatched a number of heretics to the forest, who perverted the simple-minded prince Devapi in anti-Vedic doctrines. When the Brahmins sent by Shantanu came to the forest to offer him the throne, he advanced arguments contrary to the percepts of the Vedas. As a result, Brahmins declared him degraded and unfit to rule, whereupon there was rain.^[4][5]

Devapi in Vedic literature

In Vedic literature, Devapi is always mentioned as Devāpi Arṣṭiṣeṇa, though the later texts, the Mahabharata and the Puranas mention Devāpi and Arṣṭiṣeṇa as different persons.^[6] The earliest reference is found in the Rigveda (X.98). Modern scholars are not unanimous about the true meaning of Arṣṭiṣeṇa. A present-day scholar, F.E. Pargiter argues that it means Devapi was son of king Ṛṣṭiṣeṇa, and so both Shantanu and Devapi were actually grandsons of Pratipa^[2], but other modern scholars, which include S.N. Pradhan and V.S. Misra believe, that, Devapi after becoming a brahmana, entered Ṛṣṭiṣeṇa gotra.^[1]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Misra, V.S. (2007). Ancient Indian Dynasties, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-413-8, pp.83-4
2. ^ ^{a b} Pargiter, F.E. (1972). Ancient Indian Historical Tradition. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp.165, 165ff
3. ^ Brihaddevata, vii,155-7, viii.1-9
4. ^ Thapar, Romila (1978, reprint 1996). Ancient Indian Social History Some Interpretations, New Delhi: Orient Longman, ISBN 81-250-0808-X, pp.271-2
5. ^ Wilson, Horace Hayman (1840, reprint 2009). The Vishnu Purana. 2. BiblioBazaar, LLC. pp. 138–9. ISBN 055905467X. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=3kCVg44-xRAC&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138&dq=Devapi+vishnu+Purana&source=bl&ots=U4OmBYxX6m&sig=5Ax_MTMX53GzhwBL8sb1zO1Wjhs&hl=en&ei=yIOOS_a0I8WvrAeijPXLCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 
6. ^ Pargiter, F.E. (1972). Ancient Indian Historical Tradition. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p.165ff