Blanket sleeper

The blanket sleeper (also known by many other synonyms and trade names) is a type of especially warm sleeping garment worn primarily during the winter in the United States and Canada. The garment is worn especially by infants and young children.

Typically, but not always, the blanket sleeper consists of a loose-fitting, one-piece garment of blanket-like material, enclosing the entire body except for the head and hands. It represents an intermediate step between regular pajamas, and bag-like coverings for infants such as buntings or infant sleeping bags (Terminology and Variations sections below). Like bag-like coverings, the blanket sleeper is designed to be sufficiently warm as to make regular blankets or other bed covers unnecessary, even in colder weather. Unlike such coverings, the blanket sleeper has bifurcated legs to allow unhindered walking (or crawling).

While no single feature is universal (see Terminology), distinguishing a blanket sleeper from regular pajamas usually include:

* One-piece construction with long sleeves and legs.
* Attached bootees enclosing the wearer's feet.
* Composition from relatively thick, heavy fabric.

Although any sleeping garment with some or all of these characteristics could be called a "blanket sleeper", the term is most commonly applied to a range of styles that deviate relatively little from the same basic design. (The features of this design are described in the "Features" section, below.)

Although widely thought of as something worn only by the very young, blanket sleepers are also sometimes worn (in decreasing order of frequency) by school-age children, teens, and even adults. (See "Sizes, gender differences, and availability", below.)

Although footed, one-piece garments in a variety of fabrics and styles are used in many countries as infant sleepwear, the specific range of styles with which the term "blanket sleeper" is usually associated, the term itself, and the phenomenon of children older than infancy wearing footed, one-piece sleeping garments, are all largely unique to North America.

Features

Features of the typical blanket sleeper include:

* Composition from a napped synthetic fabric, such as polyester polar fleece.

* Loose fit. On smaller sizes, the hip area may be made especially loose to accommodate a diaper. The crotch is usually cut especially low.

* Raglan sleeves.

* Snug rib-knit collar and wrist cuffs.

* Usually made in one or more solid, bright colors, or screen-printed with graphic designs. There may be a front panel with a single, elaborate printed design, either covering the chest, or forming the entire front portion of the torso and legs. The sleeves may be a different color from the rest of the garment. Stripes are sometimes seen, most commonly on the collar and cuffs.

* Soles of the feet made from a (usually white) vinyl fabric lined with (synthetic) felt, for improved durability and slip-resistance. This can be solid vinyl with a rough textured surface, or a vinyl-dotted fabric such as Jiffy Grip.

* Optional "toe caps", made from the same fabric as the soles of the feet, and covering the top front portion of the foot, for improved durability.

* Elastic to make the leg portions snug around the ankles.

* A zipper running vertically down the front of the garment, from the neck opening to the inside or front ankle of one of the legs (usually the left), designed to make it easy to put on and take off. On teen and adult sizes, the zipper usually instead runs from the neck to the crotch.

* Optional "snap tab" where the zipper meets the neck opening. This is a small tab of fabric sewed to the garment on one side of the zipper (usually the right), and fastening to the other side with a snap fastener, designed to prevent discomfort from the zipper slider coming into contact with the wearer's chin.

* Optional decorative applique on one side of the chest (usually the left).

Design considerations

Blanket sleeper are usually intended as practical garments, worn mostly by younger children and only in the home. Style and fashion thus tend not to be important in its design, and the basic design of the typical blanket sleeper has changed little over the years.

The sleeper serves mainly to keep the wearer warm at night, even in the absence of blankets and bed covers. The sleeper covers the entire body except for the heads and hands, where it is snug at the neck and wrists. The use of a zipper closure in place of buttons or snap fasteners also further retains warmth by eliminating drafts. This is especially important for infants, for whom loose blankets may pose a safety hazard (including increasing the risk of SIDS), and possibly for older children, who may still be too young to be relied upon to keep their own sleepwear or bed covers adjusted so as to prevent exposure to the air of bare skin. This is reflected in advertisements by blanket sleeper manufacturers, which often emphasize that their garments "can't be kicked off", or that "no other covers are needed". The permanently attached feet can also be a beneficial feature for children who are prone to get out of bed in the morning before their parents are awake, and are too young to be relied upon to put on slippers or other footwear to keep their feet warm.

The blanket sleeper is designed so that it can be worn either by itself as a standalone garment, or as a second layer worn over regular pajamas or other sleepwear. The one-piece design is simple to launder and has no detachable pieces that could be individually misplaced.

The range of materials used for mass-produced blanket sleepers for children is severely limited, as a result of stringent U.S. government-imposed flammability requirements. Essentially the only materials used since the 1950s are polyester, acrylic, and modacrylic, with polyester dominating. Unfortunately, this can have a negative impact on comfort for many wearers, particularly children with eczema.

Adult-size sleepers, especially those sold by small Internet businesses, can be found in a wider range of materials, including natural fabrics such as cotton flannel. Some web businesses also offer sleepers in natural fabrics for children, but only outside the U.S. In particular, special "eczema sleepsuits" for children, made of cotton and with built-in mitts designed to prevent scratching, are available from specialty stores in the UK.

The fabrics used in most blanket sleepers have a strong tendency to pill. Although this does not adversely affect the garment's functional utility, it has the effect that a used garment can be clearly, visually distinguished from a new one after only a small number of wearings or washings.

Decorative features such as appliques or printed designs usually follow juvenile themes, and are designed to make the garments more attractive to the children who wear them.

Blanket sleepers may also appeal to cultural mores relating to body modesty. This can, for example, be a consideration for some parents when siblings sleep in the same room and/or bed.

Yet another potential benefit of the blanket sleeper is that it may help prevent infants from removing or interfering with their diapers during the night. This can also apply to older children with certain developmental disabilities, such as Angelman Syndrome. In particular, parents of Angelman children have been known to take such additional measures as cutting the feet off the sleeper and putting it on backwards, and/or covering the zipper with duct tape. Several U.S. states have passed laws prohibiting parents and others from placing a blanket sleeper or similar garment on with the zipper in back, unless advised to do so by a physician. This practice, which prevents children from using the bathroom without assistance, has been considered abusive. Some specialty locking clothing and other adaptive clothing purveyors offer blanket sleepers, with or without feet, for adults with dementia or other disabilities, for similar reasons.

Sizes, gender differences, and availability

In the United States and Canada, mass-produced blanket sleepers for both boys and girls up to size 4 (see US standard clothing sizes) are quite common, and can be found in nearly any department store. Sizes larger than 4 are progressively less common, being found in only some stores, and usually only seasonally (peaking around October or November). The availability of larger-size sleepers in department stores also varies from year to year.

Alternative sources for larger-size, mass-produced sleepers include Internet auction sites, such as eBay, and certain mail order clothing retailers, such as Lands' End.

Individual blanket sleepers can be marketed either as a unisex garment, or as a garment intended for one gender. Even in the latter case, however, there is often no difference stylistically between sleepers marketed specifically for boys, and ones marketed specifically for girls. (The size numbers are also consistent, as, although there are slight differences in the meanings of size numbers between boys and girls in the U.S. standard clothing size system, these are too small to matter in the case of a garment as loose-fitting as a blanket sleeper.) Occasionally, however, sleepers marketed for girls may include effeminate decorative features such as lacy frills, and sleepers with screen-printed front panels may feature images of media characters appealing primarily to children of one gender. Also, the ranges of colors available may be different between the genders. (In particular, pink sleepers are rarely worn by boys, due to a cultural association of that color with femininity.)

In smaller sizes, there is little or no difference in the availability of sleepers for boys and for girls. However, the culturally-perceived age-appropriateness of the blanket sleeper falls off more rapidly for boys than for girls, and sleepers for older boys and men are correspondingly less common than those for older girls and women, with the gap in availability increasing as the size increases. (For older girls, much of the appeal of wearing blanket sleepers may be based on the playful norm-flouting quality of wearing a garment traditionally worn only by younger children; for boys of the same age, this would tend to be considered less culturally acceptable.) Nevertheless, sleepers for boys, as well as for girls, continue to have a reasonable degree of availability in department stores (and Internet auction sites) up to about size 14 or 16.

Blanket sleepers for adult women are uncommon, but in most years can be found in at least one major department store chain.

Mass-produced blanket sleepers for adult men are extremely rare, and when they do appear are usually two-piece, and/or have detachable feet. However, major home sewing pattern publishers sometimes offer patterns for conventionally-styled blanket sleepers in men's sizes, and in the Internet Age a cottage industry has developed, with several websites offering blanket sleepers manufactured on a small scale for men as well as women and children. Also, mass-produced, unisex-styled blanket sleepers marketed for women are sometimes purchased and worn by men, although the difference in the size ranges between men and women means that this option is available only to men of smaller stature.

The blanket sleeper can be a subject of interest, particularly among the AB/DL community. A large portion of the demand for blanket sleepers in adult sizes likely derives from this source, and many of the small businesses that sell blanket sleepers on the Internet are willing to cater to it.

Terminology

The terminology relating to blanket sleepers can be confusing, and inconsistent between different speakers.

The terms "sleeper" and "blanket sleeper" are sometimes used interchangeably. Alternatively, a distinction may be made between the lighter-weight (footed, one-piece) "sleepers" worn by infants in warmer weather, and the heavier "blanket" sleepers worn by both infants and older children, primarily in colder weather. (In the loosest usage, "sleeper" by itself can mean any infant sleeping garment, regardless of form or features.) Similarly, some people consider a "blanket" sleeper to be one-piece by definition, whereas a "sleeper" could be made either in one piece, or in two pieces meeting at the waist.

When "blanket" is omitted, either the singular form "sleeper" or the plural form "sleepers" may be used to refer to a single garment. When "blanket" is included, however, a single garment is usually referred to using the singular form.

The terms "(blanket) sleeper" and "footed pajamas" may be used interchangeably. (This reflects the North American practice of referring to nearly any sleeping garment as "pajamas", as blanket sleepers bear little resemblance to the jacket and trouser combination, originating in India, that the term "pajamas" originally referred to.) Alternatively, "sleeper" may instead be used more narrowly than "footed pajamas", to exclude footed sleeping garments that are lighter-weight and/or two-piece, such as footed "ski" style pajamas.

Also, while many people consider built-in feet to be part of the definition of "sleeper", garments otherwise meeting the definition but lacking feet are sometimes marketed as "footless blanket sleepers".

The term "grow sleeper" is sometimes used to refer to a two-piece footed sleeping garment with features designed to compensate for growth in the wearer, such as turn-back cuffs, or a double row of snap fasteners at the waist.

Other terms that are used more-or-less interchangeably with "blanket sleeper" include:
* "footed sleeper"
* "footed pj's"
* "feeted/feety/footy/footsie/feetsie/feet pajamas"
* "footies"
* "nighties"
* "pajamas with feet"
* "pajamas with the feet in them"
* "padded feet pajamas"
* "one-piece pajamas"
* "zip-up pajamas"
* "sleeper suit"
* "sleeper blanket"
* "walking blanket"
* "walking sleeper"
* "sleeper walker"
* "oversleeper" (used in advertisements by J.C. Penney)
* "bunny suit"
* "bunny pajamas"
* "bunny feet pajamas"
* "potato mashers"
* "dormer" (older girls' and women's sizes only)

Also, a number of commercial brand names have been adopted as genericized trademarks. The best known of these is "Dr. Dentons", but others used include "Trundle Bundle" and "Jama-Blanket".

Formerly used, obsolete terms include:
* "night drawers"
* "sleeping drawers"
* "sleeping garment"
* "coverlet sleeper"
* "pajunion" (used in advertisements by Brighton-Carlsbad)

In British English, the term with a meaning closest to that of "blanket sleeper" is "sleepsuit", but it is also known as a "romper suit".

Infants' garments similar to blanket sleepers, but with the bottom portion constructed like a bag, without separate leg enclosures, are usually not considered "sleepers", but rather are referred to by other terms such as "baby sleep bag", "bunting", "sleeping bag", "go go bag", "sleep sack", or "grow bag".

Infants' garments similar to blanket sleepers, but designed for use as outerwear rather than sleepwear (and usually featuring hoods and hand covers), are referred to by other terms such as "pram suit" or "carriage suit".

Infants' garments similar to blanket sleepers, but designed for dual use as both sleepwear and playwear, are sometimes known as "sleep 'n' play" suits.

History

The origins of the blanket sleeper can be traced at least as far back as the late 19th Century, to footed, one-piece sleeping garments for children, then known as "night drawers". However, the blanket sleeper first took something closely resembling its present form in the early 1950s, when many of the most recognizable features were first adopted, including the use of synthetic fabrics, slip-resistant soles, toe caps, rib-knit collar and cuffs, zipper closure, snap tab, and applique. The term "blanket sleeper" also first came into common use at this time, although "sleeper" by itself appeared considerably earlier.

Sleepers made before the 1950s were usually made from knitted natural fabrics, either cotton, wool (especially merino), or a mixure of both. Commonly used fabrics included outing flannel and flannelette. (Home-made sleepers were typically made out of fabric pieces cut from actual blankets.) The soles of the feet were usually made from the same material as the rest of the sleeper, though sometimes two layers were used for improved durability. The collar and cuffs were usually hemmed, and the sleeper usually closed with buttons, either in the front or in the back.

Natural fabrics were largely abandoned after the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1953, which imposed strict flammability requirements on children's sleepwear sold in the United States, up to size 14. Flammability requirements were tightened further in the early 1970s, and in 1977 the flame-retarding additive TRIS was discovered to be carcinogenic, prompting a recall, and leading to the abandonment of such additives and the materials that depended on them for their flame-resistance.

The popularity of blanket sleepers for older children got a boost in the 1970s and early 1980s due to the energy crises of 1973 and 1979. Advertisements from this period often emphasized that thermostats could be set lower at night when children slept in blanket sleepers.

Variations

Blanket sleepers sometimes depart from the standard design by incorporating unusual or uncommon features. An incomplete list of these follows.

; Drop seat : One of the features most commonly associated with blanket sleepers in the public imagination, the "drop seat" (also known as a "trap door" or "butt flap") is an opening in the buttocks area, traditionally closing with buttons, designed to allow the user to use the toilet without removing the sleeper. Drop seats were very common on sleepers made before the 1950s, but today they are rather rare. (Similar drop seats were also a common feature on the traditional union suit.) : Modern versions of the drop seat often replace the buttons with snap fasteners.

; Snap front/legs : Some sleepers, especially in infant sizes, replace the usual front zipper with a front opening closing with snap fasteners. In infant sizes, this opening usually forks at the crotch, and extends down the insides of both legs to the ankles, in order to give access for diaper changes. This design tends to be less effective at eliminating drafts than the zipper closure, and is most often seen on lighter-weight sleepers designed for warmer weather.: Some infant-size blanket sleepers made in the 1960s featured an ankle-to-ankle zipper through the crotch, serving a similar function.

; Snap waist/back : Two-piece sleepers sometimes fasten around the waist with snap fasteners. This is most often seen on so-called "grow sleepers", made mainly in toddler sizes, with features designed to extend the useful life of the garment by compensating for growth in the wearer. These are usually made in lighter material than one-piece sleepers, with an especially high waist, two rows of snaps on the top piece, a back opening on the top piece also closing with snaps, and turn-back cuffs.: Two-piece sleepers made before the 1950s often fastened similarly around the waist with buttons.

; Drawstring cuffs : A common feature on sleepers until about the 1930s was turn-back cuffs closing at the ends with drawstrings, designed to fully enclose the wearer's hands. According to advertisements, these were intended both to keep the wearer's hands warm, and to discourage thumb or finger sucking. (These were mostly found on smaller sizes, but have appeared on "Dr. Denton" brand sleepers in sizes for children as old as 10 years.)

; Costume sleepers : Occasionally garments are made that are designed to serve a dual function, as both blanket sleeper and fancy dress costume (similar to the ones worn by American children on Halloween). Animal costume sleepers are the most common, often featuring hoods with costume ears, tails, and/or hand covers resembling paws. Other motifs such as superheroes or clowns are also sometimes seen. : The use of the terms "bunny suit" and "bunny pajamas" as synonyms for "blanket sleeper" references the persistent cultural meme of a blanket sleeper fashioned as a (usually pink) bunny costume, with a hood, long ears, and puffy tail. (Several examples can be found in the "In popular culture" section, below.): A related phenomenon in Japan, of footless, lighter-weight, hooded, one-piece animal costume pajamas, is known there as "disguise pajama" or "kigurumi" (although the latter term can also refer to costumes that are not intended as sleepwear).

Minor variations

; Side zipper : A rare alternative to the center front zipper is the "side zipper", running from the neckline near one shoulder (usually the left) to the outside or front ankle. This is most commonly found on sleepers with an elaborate printed design on the front, in which case it serves to avoid disruption of the image.

: An even rarer variation is to have zippers on both sides.

; Back zipper : Although back closings using buttons were common on sleepers made before the 1950s, zippers in the back are extremely rare in regular children's sleepers. A back zipper makes it difficult for the wearer to remove the sleeper for bathroom use. However a number of examples in regular sleepers existed in the 1950s and 1960s. Back zippers can however often be found on sleepers for some disabled wearers where it is an advantage to prevent the wearer removing their sleeper, especially those who wear diapers and have a tendency to remove them.

; Self-fabric feet : Sleepers made in sizes for infants who are too young to walk often omit the slip-resistant soles on the feet, instead having soles made from the same fabric as the rest of the sleeper. This is also occasionally seen on sleepers for older girls or women.

; Bound feet : On sleepers made since the 1980s, the soles of the feet usually attach to the upper foot pieces with an inward-facing seam. In preceding years, it was more common for the seam to face outward, and to be covered with a narrow strip of material, forming a kind of ridge around the perimeter of the sole. This design was referred to in advertisements as a "bound edge" or "bound foot", and was intended both to improve durability, and to improve comfort by eliminating a potential source of irritation.

; Molded plastic feet : Around 1970, some sleepers were made with foot bottoms made from three-dimensional molded plastic. This feature proved unpopular, and was quickly abandoned.

; Detachable feet : Occasionally, rather than having permanently attached feet, sleepers will come with separate feet, similar to slippers. This is more common on adult sizes.

; Convertible feet : Another variation replaces the permanently enclosed feet with "convertible" foot coverings resembling tube socks, that close at the ends with velcro, and can be rolled back to expose the feet when desired.

; Hood : Attached hoods were occasionally seen on sleepers made before the 1920s, and as late as the 1940s the company that made "Dr. Denton" brand sleepers offered separate "sleeping hoods", designed to be used in conjunction with their sleepers, in sizes for both children and adults. On modern sleepers attached hoods are extremely rare, found only on a handful of sleepers for older girls and women.

; Quilted fabric : Sleepers are occasionally made from a quilted fabric, incorporating a thin layer of polyester fiberfill batting for increased warmth. Quilted sleepers using polyester foam as insulation were also made in the 1950s.

; Elastic back waist : Sleepers in larger sizes sometimes feature an elastic band along the rear half of the waist, designed to provide a better fit by reducing bagginess around the torso.

In popular culture

* In the television show "What's with Andy?", Andy is seen wearing a blanket sleeper in several episodes.
*In the movie "City of Angels", Seth, the main character, always asks what a dying person's favorite thing in life is. A little girl seen dying of an illness in the beginning of the movie answers flannel pajamas with feet.
* In the stage play "Peter Pan", the actor playing Michael traditionally wears a blanket sleeper. The role is often played by an actor considerably older than the child character, and the sleeper contributes to the illusion of youth.
* In the 1983 movie "A Christmas Story", Ralphie (played by Peter Billingsley) is given a pink bunny costume sleeper by his aunt as a Christmas present, and is forced by his mother to model it for the family, to his considerable embarrassment. This scene also appears in the stage play adaptation of the movie, and was reenacted in part in a 2006 television commercial for Cingular Wireless.
* In the children's picture book "Where The Wild Things Are" by Maurice Sendak, the main character, Max, wears a wolf costume sleeper. (In another Sendak book, "In the Night Kitchen", the main character becomes coated with cake dough, which forms a kind of suit resembling a sleeper.)
* In the 2006 movie "Grandma's Boy", Jeff (played by Nick Swardson) wears a sleeper as part of his childlike life as an adult still living with his parents.
* In the Disney Channel series "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody", in Season 2 episode 7, "Election", Zack displays an embarrassing photo of Cody wearing a sleeper and clutching his security blanket, in an attempt to sway voters when the two compete to become class president.
* In the animated television series "Family Guy", an episode "No Meals on Wheels",included Peter buying a pair of footed pajamas which he doesn't want to take off.
* In the animated television series "Hey Arnold!", in episode 310, "Arnold Betrays Iggy", the storyline revolves around Arnold's discovery that Iggy sleeps in a bunny costume sleeper.
* In the short stage play "That's Acute Bunny" by Don Lowry, the storyline revolves around the teenaged main character being given a bunny costume sleeper by his aunt, and then getting trapped in it when the zipper gets stuck.
* In the "Pajama Sam" series of computer games, the name of the title character references the fact that he wears a blue sleeper with white soles and toe caps, and a drop seat.
* In the bilingual English/Spanish children's picture book "Jimmy Jammers/Jaimito Pijama", the storyline revolves around the main character's distress over the fact that he has outgrown his sleeper (referred to in the English passages as "Jimmy Jammers").
* In the 1988 horror movie "Poltergeist III", Carol Anne (played by Heather O'Rourke) wears a sleeper through most of the movie.
* In the 1980 Stanley Kubrick movie "The Shining", Danny (played by Danny Lloyd) wears a bright red sleeper in the scenes in which he is completely possessed by "Tony".
* In the anime series "Serial Experiments Lain", Episode 1, "Weird", the title character can be seen in one scene wearing an example of Japanese "disguise pajama", in the form of a bear.
* In the 1899 Kate Chopin novel "The Awakening", Adele Ratignolle sews a pair of "night drawers" for one of her children, which is described as enclosing the entire body except for the eyes.
* In the animated television series "The Angry Beavers", Daggett is often seen wearing a sleeper with an oven mitt sewed to the back to enclose his tail.
* In the animated television series "Futurama", in episode 71, "Spanish Fry", Fry wears a sleeper on the camping trip in which he is abducted by aliens who steal his nose.
* In the syndicated comic strip "Dennis the Menace", the title character is often seen wearing a pre-1950s style sleeper with a drop seat, with one corner of the drop seat hanging open.
* In the animated television series "", whenever the characters are wearing pajamas, Numbuh 4 is seen wearing an orange sleeper with a drop seat.
* In the "Hannah Montana" episode "Ooo, Ooo Itchy Woman" Nibbly sleeps in foot pajamas.
* In the season 4 "Malcolm in the Middle" episode "", Dewey wears a footed sleeper to distract the teenage girl babysitter by being cute whilst the other boys plot against her.
* In the season 5 "Malcolm in the Middle" episode "", Dewey is jealous of the new baby and decides to regress into a baby, eating baby food, drinking from a baby bottle and wearing sleepers (both a print sleeper and yellow plain sleeper). At the end of the episode Dewey declares to Lois how he wants to be treated and Lois notices he is wearing a diaper under the sleeper. Dewey states he wants her to know how far he will go and makes a face like he's using the diapers (much to Lois's shock).
* In Season 1 episode 16 of "Scrubs" "My Heavy Meddle" the lead character J.D. wears a blanket sleeper to a bar.
* In Season 6 episode 8 of "The Simpsons" "Lisa on Ice" bart wears a footed sleeper and is made fun of by his friends.
* In Season 7 episode 12 of "Married… with Children" "Christmas" bud wears a footed sleeper to re-stage a scene from christmas 1974.

References

ee also

*Layette

Related garments

* Pajamas
* Bunting
* Union suit
* Pram suit
* Playsuit (children's garment)
* Fursuit