Landscape art

__NOTOC__:"For the art of designing external spaces, see landscape architecture. For landscape photography, see nature photography."

Landscape art depicts scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests. Sky is almost always included in the view, and weather usually is an element of the composition.In the first century A.D., Roman frescoes of landscapes decorated rooms that have been preserved at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Traditionally, landscape art depicts the surface of the earth, but there are other sorts of landscapes, such as moonscapes, for example.

The word "landscape" is from the Dutch, "landschap" meaning a sheaf, a patch of cultivated ground. The word entered the English vocabulary of the connoisseur in the late 17th century.

Early in the fifteenth century, landscape painting was established as a genre in Europe, as a setting for human activity, often expressed in a religious subject, such as the themes of the "Rest on the Flight into Egypt", the "Journey of the Magi", or "Saint Jerome in the Desert".

The Chinese tradition of "pure" landscape, in which the minute human figure simply gives scale and invites the viewer to participate in the experience, was well established by the time the oldest surviving ink paintings were executed.

In Europe, as John Ruskin realized, [" Modern Painters", volume three, contains the relevant section, "Of the novelty of landscape".] and Sir Kenneth Clark brought to view, landscape painting was the "chief artistic creation of the nineteenth century", with the result that in the following period people were "apt to assume that the appreciation of natural beauty and the painting of landscape is a normal and enduring part of our spiritual activity" [Clark, "Landscape into Art", preface.] In Clark's analysis, underlying European ways to convert the complexity of landscape to an idea were four fundamental approaches: by the acceptance of descriptive symbols, by curiosity about the facts of nature, by the creation of fantasy to allay deep-rooted fears of nature and by the belief in a Golden Age of harmony and order, which might be retrieved.

In the United States, the Hudson River School, prominent in the middle to late nineteenth century, is probably the best known native development in landscape art. These painters created works of mammoth scale in attempting to capture the epic scope of the landscapes that inspired them. The work of Thomas Cole, the school's generally acknowledged founder, has much in common with the philosophical ideals of European landscape paintings — a kind of secular faith in the spiritual benefits to be gained from the contemplation of natural beauty. Some of the later Hudson River School artists, such as Albert Bierstadt, created less comforting works which placed a greater emphasis (with a great deal of romantic exaggeration, to be sure) on the raw, even terrifying power of nature.

As explorers, naturalists, mariners, merchants and settlers arrived on the shores of Atlantic Canada in the early centuries of its exploration, they were confronted by what they saw as a hostile and dangerous environment and an unforgiving sea. These Europeans tried to cope with the daunting new land by mapping, recording and claiming it as their own. Their understanding of the specific nature of this land and its inhabitants varied greatly, with observations ranging from highly accurate and scientific to outlandish or fantastic. These observations are documented in the landscape artworks they produced. The best examples of Canadian landscape art can be found in the works of the Group of Seven, prominent in the 1920s. ["Landscapes" in [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Landscape&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454 Virtual Vault] , an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada]

Related "-scapes"

*Vedute is the Italian term for "view", and generally used for the painted landscape, often cityscapes which were a common 18th century painting thematic.
*Skyscapes or Cloudscapes are depictions of clouds, weatherforms, and atmospheric conditions.
*Moonscapes show the landscape of a moon.
*Seascapes depict oceans or beaches.
*Riverscapes depict rivers or creeks.
*Cityscapes or townscapes depict cities (urban landscapes).
*Hardscapes are paved over areas like streets and sidewalks, large business complexes and housing developments, and industrial areas.
*Aerial landscapes depict a surface or ground from above, especially as seen from an airplane or spacecraft. (When the viewpoint is directly overhead, looking down, there is of course no depiction of a horizon or sky.) This genre can be combined with others, as in the aerial cloudscapes of Georgia O'Keeffe, the aerial moonscapes of Nancy Graves, or the aerial cityscapes of Yvonne Jacquette.
*Inscapes are landscape-like (usually surrealist or abstract) artworks which seek to convey the psychoanalytic view of the mind as a three-dimensional space. [For sources on this statement, see the Inscape (visual art) article.]

ee also

*
*American Barbizon school
*Barbizon School
*Heidelberg School (Australia)
*Luminism
*Plein Air painting
*Shanshui
*White Mountain art
*Hoosier Group

Notes

References

* [http://www.abbeville.com/factsheets/F06_Fctsht_Landscapes.pdf Büttner, Nils. "Landscape Painting. A History", New/York/London 2006]
*Clark, Sir Kenneth, "Landscape into Art", 1949 : the Slade Lectures.
* Dreikausen, Margret, [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/ow/d729543b2ed70922.html "Aerial Perception: The Earth as Seen from Aircraft and Spacecraft and Its Influence on Contemporary Art"] (Associated University Presses: Cranbury, NJ; London, ; Mississauga, Ontario: 1985) ISBN 0-87982-040-3
* Hirsch, Sharon L., "Landscape: the Grand tradition"] (Exhibition catalogue text) Dickinson University ( [http://media.dickinson.edu/landscapes/acknowledgements.html on-line text] )
* Pavel Machotka, "Cézanne : Landscape into Art"
* Wilton, Andrew; T J Barringer; Tate Britain (Gallery); Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.; Minneapolis Institute of Arts. [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/49917942&referer=brief_results "American sublime : landscape painting in the United States, 1820-1880"] (Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 2002)
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/ Virtual Vault] , an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada