Coat of arms of Munich

Munich Free state of Bavaria
Emblazoning
"Small Coat: The coat of arms of the city of Munich shows, on a field argent, a monk wearing an or-trimmed sable cowl and gules shoes holding a gules oath book in the left hand and the right hand in vow of the oath." "Large Coat: On a field argent, an open gules city gate between two gules tin towers each decorated with or and sable zig-zagging bands on the top, above which is an observing crowned and embattled or Lion; in the gate stands the monk of the small crest."
Basic data
Introduction:	13th Century Royal Seal: 1304
Legal basis:	Main seal: 1239 City council ruling: 1957
Supporting Documents:	11 June 1865: Royal Approval 24 December 1936: Ministerial Resolution 17 December 1957: City council ruling
Alterations:	1808, 1818, 1834, 1865, 1936, 1949
Former munincipalities with their own coat:	Au, Aubing, Feldmoching, Milbertshofen, Obermenzing, Pasing, Schwabing, Untermenzing

The coat of arms of Munich (Münchner Wappen) depicts a young monk dressed in black holding a red book. It has existed in a similar form since the 13th century, though at certain points in its history it has not depicted the central figure of the monk at all. As the German name for Munich, i.e. München, means of Monks, the monk in this case is a self-explanatory symbol who represents the city of Munich. Appearing on a document of May 28, 1239, the oldest seal of Munich has a picture of a monk wearing an open hood. While all seal impressions show the monk with the book in one hand and three outstretched fingers in the other, the monk has varied slightly, appearing in profile, then later full-faced and bare-headed. By the 19th century the figure was portrayed as youthful and became known as the Münchner Kindl or Munich Child. The coat of arms in its current form was created in 1957 and is still an important symbol of the Bavarian state capital.

The Monk

Small seal, 1304

As the German name for Munich, i.e. München, means "of Monks",^[1] the monk in this case is a self-explanatory symbol who represents the city of Munich. The figure is portrayed wearing a golden trimmed black cowl with a black hood and red shoes. The right hand is raised and the left carries a red book.

The open right hand of the monk is interpreted as an oath-making gesture, or a blessing gesture in Christian tradition.^[1] The red book in the left hand refers to the oath book of the city (in accordance with the gesture of the right hand), or the munincipal law book which is bounded in red and has been handed down since 1365.^[1] Another interpretation is that it is a gospel book.^[1]

When the Munich town administration developed a constitution of its council, a seal was necessary for the purposes of asserting the authenticity of town-council documents. Appearing on a document of May 28, 1239, the oldest seal of Munich has a picture of a monk wearing an open hood.^[2] While all seal impressions show the monk with the book in one hand and three outstretched fingers in the other, the monk has varied slightly, appearing in profile, then later full-faced and bare-headed. The monk as a sole heraldic figure can be found on a seal dating from the year 1304, and on flags of the city since the middle of the 14th century.^[3] Colourful representations of the town's coat of arms stem from the 15th century.^[2]

Münchner Kindl

Main article: Münchner Kindl

In the course of the few centuries up until the current version of 1957, the coat of arms has undergone some distinctly visible changes. While some 15th century portrayals already show a child figure instead of the monk, the monk in representations onwards began to lose its serious disposition, with curly hair and a more youthful looking face.^[2] By the 18th century and especially the 19th century, the monk had been minimised into the Münchner Kindl,^[1] Bavarian for Munich Child, a reference to the figure first documented in 1727,^[1] although it is not clear when it appeared on the coat of arms for the first time or who coined the term. The transformation was brought about by artists such as sculptors and painters as well as copper and seal engravers, as opposed to a legal order.^[2]

In the second half of the nineteenth century, local artists also supplemented the figure with items such as radishes, pretzels, laurel wreaths and foaming beer steins.^[2] The symbol diversely appears in numerous places such as on manhole covers, beer steins and the top of the tower of the town hall.^[4] While the symbol as a man through being a monk was previously clear, its gender has become ambiguous since being designated the Kindl. One interpretation is that it is simply genderless, however in the 1920s a female inclination became apparent, and portrayals in person are to this day by young women.^[5]

History

The Munich coat of arms is verifiable from seals in 1239 and 1268. These seals show a monk in a gate, above which is in eagle, referring to the Bishop of Freising.^[1] The city belonged to him and this was probably derived from his coat of arms.^[3] From 1313, the city was in possession of the Wittelsbach Dukes and the eagle was replaced with a lion,^[3] a symbol of the old Bavarian and Palatine Wittelsbachs since the Fiefdom of Duke Ludwig in 1214.^[6]

Coat of arms after ratification by Max I. Joseph

In 1808, King Maximilian I Joseph granted the city a historicist city emblem depicting a classical portal, atop which the King's crown lies. A golden lion sits in the gate's threshold with a sword in one paw and a shield with the letter "M" in the other. As an enlightened monarch, Max I. Joseph wanted the city's symbol to show its culture and at the same time dispel the stereotype of the "Mönchsbarbarei", or the barbarianism of the monks.^[1] However, the township decided against the complete elimination of the historical reference to the monk and thus in 1818 the M was replaced with the previous monk's head design.

• 

  1808–1818

• 

  1818–1835

Coat of arms after ratification by Ludwig I

In 1834, King Ludwig I granted the city its old coat of arms again in the form of large and small crests. These embodied the small crest seal of 1304 and the large one of 1323. The 1835 coat of arms had a blue background, though this was later corrected to argent under Ludwig II in 1865. The background was rarely changed. One example of its occurrence, however, was when or was used in the 16th century instead.^[1]

• 

  1835–1865
  Small Coat of arms

• 

  1865–1936
  1949–1957
  Large Coat of arms

• 

  1865–1936
  1949–1957
  Small Coat of arms

Coat of arms in the Third Reich

From 1936 to 1945, the lion was once again replaced by an eagle, only this time the one of the Nazi party, the Reichsadler. Deemed the Hauptstadt der Bewegung (Capital of the Movement), Munich was a significant place in terms of the Nazi ideology. The city was home to the NSDAP headquarters, the Beer Hall Putsch and also saw the establishment of Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp. Post-war designs were not pursued until 1949.^[1]

• 

  1936–1945

New coat of arms

Both a small and large coat of arms existed from 1949 until 1957 based on representations of them prior to 1936. In 1957 both the large and small city coat of arms were newly arranged by the designer Eduard Ege. At the same time, the city council set the resolution on the December 17, 1957 that the large one was no longer for official use but only for particular representative purposes.^[1]

The official version uses the colour of skin, which is non-standard for blazoning. The coat also does not follow the Rule of tincture, since colours are not set apart from each other. Today this is not considered important, as the original purpose of heraldry is identification,^[7] e.g. for purposes of easy distinction on medieval battlefields over long distances.

• 

  1957 to today,
  large coat of arms
  used only for special occasions.

• 

  1957 to today,
  small coat of arms,
  officially used version.

See also

• Coat of arms of Germany
• Coat of arms of Bavaria

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} "Bayerns Gemeinden Detailansicht" (in German). Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte. http://www.hdbg.de/gemeinden2/bayerns-gemeinden_detail.php?gkz=9162000. Retrieved 2008-07-22. ^{[dead link]}
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Lowenstein, Jack (September, 1968). "History of the Munich Child" (in English). steincollectors.org. http://www.steincollectors.org/library/articles/MKindl/MKindl.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-22. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} "Wappen von MÜNCHEN" (in English). ngw.nl. http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/m/munchen.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-22. 
4. ^ "Archiv: Das Münchner Kindl - 2" (in German). stadtmuseum-online.de. http://www.stadtmuseum-online.de/archiv/kindl2.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-22. 
5. ^ "Archiv: Das Münchner Kindl - 3" (in German). stadtmuseum-online.de. http://www.stadtmuseum-online.de/archiv/kindl3.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-22. 
6. ^ "Bayerisches Landesportal: Coat of Arms and Flags" (in English). Bayrische Staatsregierung. http://www.bayern.de/Coat-of-Arms-and-Flags-.654.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-22. 
7. ^ Carl-Alexander von Volborth. Heraldry: Customs, Rules, and Styles. (Blandford Press, Dorset: 1981), p. 18.

Bibliography

• K. Stadler: Deutsche Wappen – Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Angelsachsen Verlag 1964–1971. 8th Volume.

External links

• House of Bavarian History: Coat of Arms and Coat of Arm history (German)
• ngw.nl: Coat of arms description (English)
• Information of the state capital Munich's Coat of arms (German)