Sinornithosaurus

Taxobox
name = "Sinornithosaurus"
fossil_range = Early Cretaceous


image_width = 200px
image_caption = "Sinornithosaurus millenii" fossil displayed in the Hong Kong Science Museum
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Sauropsida
superordo = Dinosauria
ordo = Saurischia
subordo = Theropoda
familia = Dromaeosauridae
genus = "Sinornithosaurus"
genus_authority = Xu, Wang, & Wu, 1999
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision =
* "S. millenii" Xu, Wang, & Wu, 1999 (type)
* "S. haoiana" Liu J., Ji S., Tang F., & Gao C., 2004

"Sinornithosaurus" (derived from a combination of Latin and Greek, meaning 'Chinese bird-lizard') is a genus of feathered dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Period (Middle Barremian) of the Yixian Formation in what is now China. Swisher, Carl C., Wang, Yuan-qing, Wang, Xiao-lin, Xu, Xing, Wang, Yuan. (1999). "Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China". "Nature" 400:58-61 1 July 1999.] It caused a sensation because it was the fifth of the non - avian feathered dinosaur genera discovered by 1999. It was collected from the Sihetun locality of western Liaoning. It was in Layer 6, lower (Chaomidianzi) Yixian Formation, Jehol Group. The holotype specimen is IVPP V12811, in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China. Another specimen, NGMC - 91, is probably a juvenile "Sinornithosaurus". Qiang et al. (2001) were reluctant to name NGMC - 91 because, although the specimen is completely articulated, almost all of the bones shattered when the fossil slabs were split, so that only the silhouettes of theses bones are clear in most of the part and counterpart. This obscured diagnostic skeletal features, which made the specimen's genus uncertain.Qiang, Ji, Norell, Mark A., Gao, Ke-Qin, Ji, Shu-An, Ren, Dong. (2001) "The distribution of integumentary structures in a feathered dinosaur" "Nature" 410:1084-1087 26 April 2001. ] NGMC - 91, also called "Dave", is in the collection of the National Geological Museum of China. It was collected in Fanzhangzi quarry, near Lingyuan City, Liaoning Province, China. This is around 130km from the Sihetun locality. A specimen of the fish Lycoptera is also preserved near the foot of NGMC - 91.

Xu Xing described "Sinornithosaurus" and performed a phylogenetic analysis which demonstrates that it is basal, or primitive, among the dromaeosaurs.Xu, Xing, Wang, Xiao-Lin, Wu, Xiao-Chun. (1999) "A dromaeosaurid dinosaur witha filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China" "Nature" 401:262-266 16 September 1999.] he has also demonstrated that features of the skull and shoulder are very similar to Archaeopteryx and other Avialae. Together these two facts demonstrate that the earliest dromaeosaurs were more like birds than the later dromaeosaurs were. This contradicts one argument made by critics of the theory that birds evolved from dinosaurs.Xu, Xing, Wu, Xiao-Chun. (2001). "Cranial morphology of "Sinornithosaurus millenii" Xu et al. 1999 (Dinosauria:Theropoda:Dromaeosauridae) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China". "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" 38:1739-1752 (2001)] See Temporal paradox (paleontology).

Feathers

Both of the "Sinornithosaurus" specimens above preserved impressions of feathers. They were composed of filaments, and showed two features that indicate they are early feathers. First, several filaments were joined together into "tufts", similar to the way down is structured. Second, a row of filaments ("barbs") were joined together to a main shaft ("rachis"), making them similar in structure to normal bird feathers. However, they do not have the secondary branching and tiny little hooks ("barbules") that modern feathers have, which allow the feathers of modern birds to form a discrete vane. In NGMC - 91 the feathers covered the entire body, including the head in front of the eye, the neck, wing - like sprays on the arms, long feathers on the thighs, and a lozenge - shaped fan on the tail like that of "Archaeopteryx".

Classification

"Sinornithosaurus" was a member of the family Dromaeosauridae, a group of agile, predatory dinosaurs with a distinctive sickle-shaped toe claw, which also includes "Deinonychus" and "Utahraptor". It lived about 125 million years ago in the Barremian age of the Lower Cretaceous period, which makes it among the earliest and most primitive dromaeosaurids yet discovered. The presence of vaned feathers on "Sinornithosaurus" is consistent with feather evidence from other Dromaeosaurs. see "Microraptor", "Velociraptor", and "Rahonavis". see also feathered dinosaurs."Sinornithosaurus" is known from at least two species. "S. millenii" ("millennium Chinese bird-lizard") is the type species, described in 1999. A second species, "S. haoiana" ("Hao's Chinese bird-lizard") was described by Liu "et al." in 2004 based on a new specimen which differed from "S. millenii" in features of the skull and hips. An incredibly well-preserved microraptorian nicknamed "Dave" (specimen NGMC 91) may represent a third species of "Sinornithosaurus", or a juvenile.

Discovery

"Sinornithosaurus" was discovered by Xu Xing, Wang Xiaolin and Wu Xiaochun of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of Beijing. An almost-complete fossil with feather impressions, was recovered from Liaoning Province, China, in the Yixian Formation; the same incredibly rich location where four dinosaurs with feathers were discovered previously, "Protarchaeopteryx", "Sinosauropteryx", "Caudipteryx", and "Beipiaosaurus".

References

* cite journal
author = Liu, J., Ji, S., Tang, F. & Gao, C.
date= 2004
title = A new species of dromaeosaurids from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning
journal = Geological Bulletin of China
volume = 23 (8)
pages = 778–783 ( [http://www.cgs.gov.cn/magazine/dzyuqk/tb04/200408/008.htm abstract] )
* cite journal
author = Xu, X., Wang, X.L., and Wu, X.C.
date = 16 September 1999
title = A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China
url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v401/n6750/abs/401262a0_fs.html
journal = Nature
volume = 401
pages = 262–266
doi = 10.1038/45769
format = dead link|date=June 2008 – ^{[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3A+intitle%3AA+dromaeosaurid+dinosaur+with+a+filamentous+integument+from+the+Yixian+Formation+of+China&as_publication=%5B%5BNature+%28journal%29%7CNature%5D%5D&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]} ( [http://www.geocities.com/earthhistory/fd.htm abstract] , doi|10.1038/45769)

External links

*
* [http://www.dinodata.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7436&Itemid=67 "Sinornithosaurus" at DinoData]

References