Yellow-crowned Amazon

Taxobox
name = Yellow-crowned Amazon
status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1


image_width = 240px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Psittaciformes
familia = Psittacidae
genus = "Amazona"
species = "A. ochrocephala"
binomial = "Amazona ochrocephala"
binomial_authority = (Gmelin, 1788)

The Yellow-crowned Amazon or Yellow-crowned Parrot ("Amazona ochrocephala"), is a species of parrot, native to the tropical South America and Panama. The taxonomy is highly complex, and the Yellow-headed ("A. oratrix") and Yellow-naped Amazon ("A. auropalliata") are often considered subspecies of the Yellow-crowned Amazon. Except in the taxonomic section, the following deals only with the nominate group (including subspecies "xantholaema", "nattereri" and "panamensis").

Description

Subspecies in the nominate group (including subspecies "xantholaema", "nattereri" and "panamensis") have a total length of 33-38 cm (13-15 in). As most other Amazon parrots, it has a short squarish tail and a primarily green plumage. It has dark blue tips to the secondaries and primaries, and a red wing speculum, carpal edge (leading edge of the wing at the "shoulder") and base of the outer tail-feathers. The red and dark blue sections are often difficult to see when the bird is perched, while the red base of the outer tail-feathers only infrequently can be seen under normal viewing conditions in the wild. The amount of yellow to the head varies, with nominate, "nattereri" and "panamensis" having yellow restricted to the crown-region (occasionally with a few random feathers around the eyes ), while the subspecies "xantholaema" has most of the head yellow. All have a white eye-ring. They have a dark bill with a large horn or reddish spot on the upper mandible except "panamensis", which has a horn coloured beak. Males and females do not differ in plumage. Except for the wing speculum, juveniles have little yellow and red to the plumage.

Habitat and distribution

The Yellow-headed Parrot is found in the Amazon Basin and Guianas, with additional populations in north-western South America and Panama.It is a bird of tropical forest (both humid and dry), woodland, mangroves, savanna and may also be found on cultivated land and suburban areas. In the southern part of its range, it is rarely found far from the Amazon Rainforest. It is mainly a lowland bird, but has locally been recorded up to 800 m (2600 ft) along on the eastern slopes of the Andes.Schulenberg, T., D. Stotz, D. Lane, J. O'Neill, & T. Parker III. 2007. "Birds of Peru." Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-7136-8673-9 ]

Behaviour

Food and feeding

They are normally found in pairs or small flocks up to 30, but larger groups may gather at clay licks. Their food includes fruits, nuts, and seeds and berries.

Breeding

The nest is in a hollow in a tree, palm or termitarium, where they lay two to three eggs. The incubation time is about 26 days, and the chicks leave the nest about 60 days from hatching.cite book |first = David| last = Alderton | title = The ultimate encyclopedia of caged and aviary birds | isbn = 184309164X |pages= p. 231| publisher = Hermes House |location = London, England | year = 2003]

Taxonomy

The "Amazona ochrocephala" complex, which has been described as "a taxonomic headache",cite book | author=Steve N. G. Howell and Sophie Webb | title=A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1995 | id=ISBN 0-19-854012-4] is considered a single species by some authorities and split into three species, "A. ochrocephala" (Yellow-crowned Amazon), "A. auropalliata" (Yellow-naped Amazon) and "A. oratrix" (Yellow-headed Amazon), by others. The split is mainly based on the amount of yellow in the plumage, the colour of the legs and bill, the close proximity of the "oratrix" group and "auropalliata" group in Oaxaca, Mexico, without apparent interbreeding, [Binford, L. 1989. "A distributional survey of the birds of the Mexican state of Oaxaca." Orn. Monographs. 43: 1-418.] and the presence of members of both the nominate group and the "auropalliata" group in northern Honduras. [Monroe, B., JR., & T. Howell. 1966. "Geographic variation in Middle American parrots of the Amazona ochrocephala complex." Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, no. 34. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.] This evaluation has, however, been confused by misunderstandings regarding the plumage variations in the populations in northern Honduras, where birds vary greatly in amount of yellow on the head, crown and nape, but have pale bills and a juvenile plumage matching the "oratrix" group, but neither the nominate nor the "auropalliata" group.Lousada, S., & S. Howell. 1996. "Distribution, variation, and conservation of Yellow-headed Parrots in northern Central America." Cotinga 5: 46-53.] The taxon "caribaea" from the Bay Islands is a member of the "auropalliata" group, and occurs in relatively close proximity to the members of the "oratrix" group. As "caribaea" may have a relatively pale lower mandible, this could indicating a level of gene flow between this and the nearby taxa of the "oratrix" group. [Lousada, S. 1989. "Amazona auropalliata caribaea: A new subspecies of parrot from the Bay Islands, northern Honduras." Bull. BOC 109: 232-235.] If confirmed, this could suggest that the two are better considered conspecific. Alternatively, it has been suggested that "caribaea" and "parvipes", both typically placed in the "auropalliata" group, may be closer to the "oratrix" than they are to the "auropalliata sensu stricto". Both are relatively small and have red to the shoulder as in the members of the "oratrix" group, but unlike "auropalliata sensu stricto". The members of this complex are known to hybridize in captivity, and recent phylogenetic analysis of DNA did not support the split into three biological species, but did reveal three clades, which potentially could be split into three phylogenetic species: A Mexican and Central American species (incl. "panamensis", which extends slightly into South America), a species of northern South America (northern nominate), and a species from the southern Amazon Basin ("nattereri", "xantholaema" and southern nominate).Eberhard, J., & E. Bermingham. 2004. "Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Amazona ochrocephala (Aves: Psittacidae) Complex." Auk 121(2): 318-332] Disregarding the problem of northern and southern nominate being part of different clades, the following taxa are part of the "Amazona ochrocephala" complex:

* nominate group ("true" Yellow-crowned Amazon):
** "Amazona o. ochrocephala": East-central and south-eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and the northern and eastern Amazon Basin in Brazil.
** "Amazona o. xantholaema": Marajo Island, in the Amazon River delta of north-eastern Brazil.
** "Amazona o. nattereri": Far south-eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, northern Bolivia and south-western Amazon Basin of Brazil (east to around Mato Grosso). Often included in "A. o. ochrocephala".Collar, N. 1997. Amazona ochrocephala (Yellow-crowned Parrot). Pp 473-474 in: del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott & J. Sargatal. Eds. 1997. "Handbook of the Birds of the World." Vol. 4. Sangrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9]
** "Amazona o. panamensis": Western Panama to north-western Colombia.

* "auropalliata" group (Yellow-naped Amazon):
** "Amazona a./o. auropalliata": Southern Mexico to north-western Costa Rica.
** "Amazona a./o. parvipes": Mosquito Coast in eastern Honduras and north-eastern Nicaragua.
** "Amazona a./o. caribaea": Bay Islands, Honduras.

* "oratrix" group (Yellow-headed Amazon):
** "Amazona o./o. oratrix": Pacific and Gulf slopes of Mexico.
** "Amazona o./o. tresmariae": Tres Marías Islands, off west-central Mexico.
** "Amazona o./o. belizensis": Belize.
** "Amazona o./o. hondurensis": Sula Valley, Honduras.

Of these, "hondurensis" was only recently described, [Lousada, S., & S. Howell. 1997. "Amazona oratrix hondurensis: A new subspecies of parrot from the Sula Valley of northern Honduras." Bull. BOC 117: 203-223.] while the population in north-western Honduras and adjacent eastern Guatemala (near Puerto Barrios) resembles "belizensis" and commonly is included in that subspecies, but may actually represent an undescribed subspecies. It has sometimes been referred to as "guatemalensis",Juniper, T., & M. Parr. 1998. "A Guide to the Parrots of the World." Pica Press, East Sussex. ISBN 1-873403-40-2] but until officially described, the name remains provisional. An additional subspecies, "magma", has sometimes been recognized for the population on the Gulf slope of Mexico, but today most authorities considered it invalid, instead including this population in "oratrix". [Clements, J. 2007. "The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World." Christopher Helm. ISBN 9780713686951]

Conservation

The Yellow-crowned Amazon is considered to be of least concern by BirdLife International, and, consequently, also by IUCN. Although populations are believed to be in decline they do not yet approach the threshold specified by BirdLife International to rate the species as Near Threatened. As is the case with most parrots, it is listed on appendix 2 of CITES. [ [http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml CITES listings] . Retrieved on 2 February 2008] It occurs in numerous protected areas, and remains faily common throughout a large part of its range.cite book | author=Steven Hilty | title=Birds of Venezuela, 2nd edition | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2003 | id=ISBN 0-691-02131-7]

References

*IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=48107|title=Amazona ochrocephala|downloaded=23 July 2007 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.

External links

* [http://mangoverde.com/birdsound/spec/spec74-319.html Photos of the Yellow-crowned Amazon] . Mangoverde.com.