Contact process

For other uses, see Contact process (mathematics).

The contact process is the current method of producing sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes. Platinum was formerly employed as a catalyst for the reaction, but as it is susceptible to poisoning by arsenic impurities in the sulfur feedstock, vanadium(V) oxide (V₂O₅) is now preferred.^[1]

This process was patented in 1831^{[citation needed]} by the British vinegar merchant Peregrine Phillips.^[2] In addition to being a far more economical process for producing concentrated sulfuric acid than the previous lead chamber process, the contact process also produces sulfur trioxide and oleum.

Process

The process can be divided into four stages:

1. combining of sulphur and oxygen;
2. adding excess of oxygen to sulphur dioxide in presence of catalyst vanadium oxide;
3. sulphur trioxide formed is added to sulphuric acid which gives rise to oleum (disulphuric acid);
4. the oleum then is added to water to form sulphuric acid which is very concentrated.

Purification of air and SO₂ is necessary to avoid catalyst poisoning (i.e. removing catalytic activities). The gas is then washed with water and dried by sulphuric acid.

To conserve energy, the mixture is heated by exhaust gases from the catalytic converter by heat exchangers.

Sulphur dioxide and oxygen then react as follows:

2 SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2 SO₃(g) : ΔH = −197 kJ mol⁻¹

According to the Le Chatlier's principle , a lower temperature should be used to shift the chemical equilibrium towards the right, hence increasing the percentage yield. However too low of a temperature will lower the formation rate to an uneconomical level. Hence to increase the reaction rate, high temperatures (450 °C), medium pressures (1-2 atm), and vanadium(V) oxide (V₂O₅) are used to ensure a 96% conversion. Platinum would be a more effective catalyst, but it is very costly and easily poisoned.^{[citation needed]} The catalyst only serves to increase the rate of reaction as it does not change the position of the thermodynamic equilibrium. The mechanism for the action of the catalyst comprises two steps:

1. Oxidation of SO₂ into SO₃ by V⁵⁺:

2 SO₂ + 4V⁵⁺ + 2 O^2- → 2 SO₃ + 4V⁴⁺

2. Oxidation of V⁴⁺ back into V⁵⁺ by oxygen (catalyst regeneration):

4 V⁴⁺ + O₂ → 4 V⁵⁺ + 2 O^2-

Hot sulfur trioxide passes through the heat exchanger and is dissolved in concentrated H₂SO₄ in the absorption tower to form oleum:

H₂SO₄(l) + SO₃(g) → H₂S₂O₇(l)

Note that directly dissolving SO₃ in water is impractical due to the highly exothermic nature of the reaction. Acidic vapor or mists are formed instead of a liquid.

Oleum is reacted with water to form concentrated H₂SO₄.

The average percentage yield of this reaction is around 30%.

H₂S₂O₇(l) + H₂O(l) → 2 H₂SO₄(l)

DCDA

The next step to the Contact Process is DCDA or Double Contact Double Absorption. In this process the product gases (SO₂) and (SO₃) are passed through absorption towers twice to achieve further absorption and conversion of SO₂ to SO₃ and production of higher grade sulfuric acid.

SO₂ rich gases enter the catalytic converter, usually a tower with multiple catalyst beds, and get converted to SO₃, achieving the first stage of conversion. The exit gases from this stage contain both SO₂ and SO₃ which are passed through intermediate absorption towers where sulfuric acid is trickled down packed columns and SO₃ reacts with water increasing the sulfuric acid concentration. Though SO₂ too passes through the tower it is unreactive and comes out of the absorption tower.

This stream of gas containing SO₂, after necessary cooling is passed through the catalytic converter bed column again achieving up to 99.8% conversion of SO₂ to SO₃ and the gases are again passed through the final absorption column thus resulting not only achieving high conversion efficiency for SO₂ but also enabling production of higher concentration of sulfuric acid.

The industrial production of sulfuric acid involves proper control of temperatures and flow rates of the gases as both the conversion efficiency and absorption are dependent on these.

References

1. ^ http://www.ravensdown.co.nz/Resources/Education/History.htm
2. ^ Nature 117, 419-421 20 March 1926

External links

• Jim Clark (2002). "The Contact Process". Chemguide. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/contact.html. 
• "The Contact Process". [College Notes of Islamabad, India ]. 2009. http://www.citycollegiate.com/sulphuric_acid1.htm.  2011
• Absorption tower in "Mining encyclopedia"