- List of birds of Palau
This is a list of the bird species recorded in Palau. The avifauna of
Palau includes a total of 149 species, of which 10 are endemic, 3 have been introduced by humans, and 17 are rare or accidental. 3 species are globally threatened.This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families, and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of Clements's 5th edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflects this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Palau.
The following tags have been used to highlight certain relevant categories. It must be noted that not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring, native species.
* (A) Accidental A species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Palau.
* (E) Endemic A species endemic to Palau.
* (I) Introduced A species introduced to Palau as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions.__NOTOC__
hearwaters and Petrels
Order:
Procellariiformes Family:Procellariidae The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized 'true petrels', characterised by united nostrils with a medium septum, and a long outer functional primary. There are 75 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Palau.
*
Streaked Shearwater "Calonectris leucomelas"
*Wedge-tailed Shearwater "Puffinus pacificus"
*Audubon's Shearwater "Puffinus lherminieri"torm-Petrels
Order:
Procellariiformes Family:Hydrobatidae The
storm-petrel s are relatives of thepetrel s, and are the smallest of sea-birds. They feed onplankton ic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimesbat -like. There are 21 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel "Oceanodroma matsudairae"Tropicbirds
Order:
Pelecaniformes Family:Phaethontidae Tropicbird s are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings. There are 3 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Palau.*
Red-tailed Tropicbird "Phaethon rubricauda"
*White-tailed Tropicbird "Phaethon lepturus"Pelicans
Order:
Pelecaniformes Family:Pelecanidae Pelican s are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under the beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes. There are 8 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Australian Pelican "Pelecanus conspicillatus" (A)Boobies and Gannets
Order:
Pelecaniformes Family:Sulidae The sulids comprise the
gannet s and boobies. Both groups comprise medium-to-large coastal sea-birds that plunge-dive for fish. There are 9 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Palau.*
Masked Booby "Sula dactylatra"
*Red-footed Booby "Sula sula"
*Brown Booby "Sula leucogaster"Cormorants
Order:
Pelecaniformes Family:Phalacrocoracidae The Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium-to-large coastal, fish-eating sea-birds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black and white, and a few being colourful. There are 38 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
Little Pied Cormorant "Phalacrocorax melanoleucos"Frigatebirds
Order:
Pelecaniformes Family:Fregatidae Frigatebird s are large sea-birds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply-forked tails. The males have inflatable coloured throat pouches. They do not swim or walk, and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan to body weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. There are 5 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Palau.*
Great Frigatebird "Fregata minor"
*Lesser Frigatebird "Fregata ariel"Bitterns, Herons and Egrets
Order:
Ciconiiformes Family:Ardeidae The family Ardeidae contains the
bittern s,heron s andegret s. Herons and egrets are medium to large sized wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Unlike other long-necked birds suck as storks, ibises and spoonbills, members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted. There are 61 species worldwide and 11 species which occur in Palau.*
Intermediate Egret "Egretta intermedia"
*Little Egret "Egretta garzetta"
*Pacific Reef-Heron "Egretta sacra"
*Cattle Egret "Bubulcus ibis"
*Striated Heron "Butorides striata"
*Black-crowned Night-Heron "Nycticorax nycticorax"
*Rufous Night-Heron "Nycticorax caledonicus"
*Japanese Night-Heron "Gorsachius goisagi"
*Malayan Night-Heron "Gorsachius melanolophus" (A)
*Yellow Bittern "Ixobrychus sinensis"
*Schrenck's Bittern "Ixobrychus eurhythmus" (A)Ducks, Geese and Swans
Order:
Anseriformes Family:Anatidae The family Anatidae includes the
duck s and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese andswan s. These are birds that are modified for an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. There are 131 species worldwide and 6 species which occur in Palau.*
Eurasian Wigeon "Anas penelope"
*Eurasian Teal "Anas crecca"
*Pacific Black Duck "Anas superciliosa"
*Northern Pintail "Anas acuta"
*Garganey "Anas querquedula"
*Tufted Duck "Aythya fuligula"Osprey
Order:
Falconiformes Family:Pandionidae The Pandionidae family contains only one species, the Osprey. The Osprey is a medium large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
*
Osprey "Pandion haliaetus"Hawks, Kites and Eagles
Order:
Falconiformes Family:Accipitridae Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey and include
hawk s,eagle s, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight. There are 233 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Palau.*
Black Kite "Milvus migrans" (A)
*Brahminy Kite "Haliastur indus" (A)
*Chinese Goshawk "Accipiter soloensis"Caracaras and Falcons
Order:
Falconiformes Family:Falconidae Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their feet. There are 62 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
Peregrine Falcon "Falco peregrinus"Megapodes
Order:
Galliformes Family:Megapodiidae The Megapodiidae are stocky, medium-large chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet. All but the
Malleefowl occupy jungle habitats, and most have brown or black colouring. There are 21 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Micronesian Scrubfowl "Megapodius laperouse"Pheasants and Partridges
Order:
Galliformes Family:Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of
quail s,partridge s,snowcock s,francolin s,spurfowl s,tragopan s,monal s,pheasant s,peafowl s andjungle fowl s. In general, they are plump (although they may vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. There are 156 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Red Junglefowl "Gallus gallus"Rails, Crakes, Gallinules, and Coots
Order:
Gruiformes Family:Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails,
crake s,coot s, and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs, and have long toes which are well adapted to soft, uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and be weak fliers. There are 143 species worldwide and 8 species which occur in Palau.*
Red-legged Crake "Rallina fasciata" (A)
*Slaty-legged Crake "Rallina eurizonoides"
*Buff-banded Rail "Gallirallus philippensis"
*Plain Bush-hen "Amaurornis olivaceus" (A)
*White-browed Crake "Porzana cinerea"
*Watercock "Gallicrex cinerea" (A)
*Purple Swamphen "Porphyrio porphyrio"
*Common Moorhen "Gallinula chloropus"Avocets and Stilts
Order:
Charadriiformes Family:Recurvirostridae Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the
avocet s and thestilt s. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. There are 9 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Black-winged Stilt "Himantopus himantopus"Pratincoles and Coursers
Order:
Charadriiformes Family:Glareolidae Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the
pratincole s, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and thecourser s, which have long legs, short wings and long pointed bills which curve downwards. There are 17 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Oriental Pratincole "Glareola maldivarum"Plovers and Lapwings
Order:
Charadriiformes Family:Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the
plover s,dotterel s, andlapwing s. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water, although there are some exceptions. There are 66 species worldwide and 9 species which occur in Palau.*
Red-kneed Dotterel "Erythrogonys cinctus" (A)
*Pacific Golden-Plover "Pluvialis fulva"
*Black-bellied Plover "Pluvialis squatarola"
*Common Ringed Plover "Charadrius hiaticula"
*Little Ringed Plover "Charadrius dubius"
*Snowy Plover "Charadrius alexandrinus"
*Lesser Sandplover "Charadrius mongolus"
*Greater Sandplover "Charadrius leschenaultii"
*Oriental Plover "Charadrius veredus"andpipers and allies
Order:
Charadriiformes Family:Scolopacidae The Scolopacidae are a large diverse family of small to medium sized shorebirds including the
sandpiper s,curlew s,godwit s,shanks , tattlers,woodcock s,snipe s,dowitcher s andphalarope s. The majority of species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enable different species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. There are 89 species worldwide and 28 species which occur in Palau.*
Swinhoe's Snipe "Gallinago megala"
*Black-tailed Godwit "Limosa limosa"
*Bar-tailed Godwit "Limosa lapponica"
*Little Curlew "Numenius minutus"
*Whimbrel "Numenius phaeopus"
*Bristle-thighed Curlew "Numenius tahitiensis" (A)
*Far Eastern Curlew "Numenius madagascariensis"
*Common Redshank "Tringa totanus"
*Marsh Sandpiper "Tringa stagnatilis"
*Common Greenshank "Tringa nebularia"
*Wood Sandpiper "Tringa glareola"
*Terek Sandpiper "Xenus cinereus"
*Common Sandpiper "Actitis hypoleucos"
*Gray-tailed Tattler "Heterosceles brevipes"
*Wandering Tattler "Heterosceles incanus"
*Ruddy Turnstone "Arenaria interpres"
*Great Knot "Calidris tenuirostris"
*Red Knot "Calidris canutus" (A)
*Sanderling "Calidris alba"
*Red-necked Stint "Calidris ruficollis"
*Little Stint "Calidris minuta"
*Long-toed Stint "Calidris subminuta"
*Pectoral Sandpiper "Calidris melanotos"
*Sharp-tailed Sandpiper "Calidris acuminata"
*Curlew Sandpiper "Calidris ferruginea"
*Dunlin "Calidris alpina"
*Broad-billed Sandpiper "Limicola falcinellus"
*Ruff "Philomachus pugnax"kuas and Jaegers
Order:
Charadriiformes Family:Stercorariidae The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. There are 7 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
Long-tailed Jaeger "Stercorarius longicaudus"Gulls
Order:
Charadriiformes Family:Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large birds seabirds and includes
gull s andkittiwake s. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. There are 55 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Black-headed Gull "Larus ridibundus"Terns
Order:
Charadriiformes Family:Sternidae Tern s are a group of generally general medium to large sea-birds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species now known to live in excess of 25 to 30 years. There are 44 species worldwide and 12 species which occur in Palau.*
Great Crested Tern "Sterna bergii"
*Black-naped Tern "Sterna sumatrana"
*Common Tern "Sterna hirundo"
*Little Tern "Sterna albifrons"
*Gray-backed Tern "Sterna lunata"
*Bridled Tern "Sterna anaethetus"
*Sooty Tern "Sterna fuscata"
*Whiskered Tern "Chlidonias hybridus"
*White-winged Tern "Chlidonias leucopterus"
*Black Noddy "Anous minutus"
*Brown Noddy "Anous stolidus"
*White Tern "Gygis alba"Pigeons and Doves
Order:
Columbiformes Family:Columbidae Pigeon s anddove s are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshycere . There are 308 species worldwide and 4 species which occur in Palau.*
Nicobar Pigeon "Caloenas nicobarica"
*Palau Ground-Dove "Gallicolumba canifrons" (E)
*Palau Fruit-Dove "Ptilinopus pelewensis" (E)
*Micronesian Imperial-Pigeon "Ducula oceanica"Cockatoos
Order:
Psittaciformes Family:Cacatuidae The cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular movable headcrest. There are 21 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.=
Promeropidae
*
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo "Cacatua galerita" (I)Parrots
Order:
Psittaciformes Family:Psittacidae Parrot s are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak shape. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and the have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two back. There are 335 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Eclectus Parrot "Eclectus roratus" (I)Cuckoos
Order:
Cuculiformes Family:Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes
cuckoo s, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. Unlike the cuckoo species of the Old World, North American cuckoos are not brood parasites. There are 138 species worldwide and 7 species which occur in Palau.*
Chestnut-winged Cuckoo "Clamator coromandus" (A)
*Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo "Cuculus nisicolor" (A)
*Northern Hawk-Cuckoo "Cuculus hyperythrus"
*Common Cuckoo "Cuculus canorus" (A)
*Horsfield's Cuckoo "Cuculus horsfieldi"
*Brush Cuckoo "Cacomantis variolosus"
*Long-tailed Koel "Eudynamys taitensis"Typical owls
Order:
Strigiformes Family:Strigidae Typical owl s are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. There are 195 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Palau Owl "Pyrroglaux podarginus" (E)Nightjars
Order:
Caprimulgiformes Family:Caprimulgidae Nightjar s are medium-sized nocturnal birds with long wings, short legs and very short bills that usually nest on the ground. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. There are 86 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Gray Nightjar "Caprimulgus indicus"wifts
Order:
Apodiformes Family:Apodidae Swift s are small aerial birds, spending the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings that resemble a crescent or a boomerang. There are 98 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Palau.*
Palau Swiftlet "Aerodramus pelewensis" (E)
*White-throated Needletail "Hirundapus caudacutus" (A)Kingfishers
Order:
Coraciiformes Family:Alcedinidae Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails. There are 93 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Palau.
*
Micronesian Kingfisher "Todirhamphus cinnamominus"
*Collared Kingfisher "Todirhamphus chloris"Bee-eaters
Order:
Coraciiformes Family:Meropidae The bee-eaters are a group of
near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colorful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. There are 26 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Rainbow Bee-eater "Merops ornatus"Typical Rollers
Order:
Coraciiformes Family:Coraciidae Rollers resemble
crow s in size and build, but are more closely related to thekingfisher s andbee-eater s. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. There are 12 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Dollarbird "Eurystomus orientalis"wallows and Martins
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Hirundinidae The Hirundinidae family is a group of passerines characterized by their adaptation to aerial feeding. Their adaptations include a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and short bills with wide gape. The feet are designed for perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. There are 75 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Palau.
*
Barn Swallow "Hirundo rustica"
*Asian Martin "Delichon dasypus"Wagtails and Pipits
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Motacillidae The Motacillidae are a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country. There are 54 species worldwide and 4 species which occur in Palau.
*
Yellow Wagtail "Motacilla flava"
*Eastern Yellow Wagtail "Motacilla tschutschensis"
*Gray Wagtail "Motacilla cinerea"
*Red-throated Pipit "Anthus cervinus"Cuckoo-shrikes
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Campephagidae The cuckoo-shrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured. There are 82 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
Cicadabird "Coracina tenuirostris"Thrushes and allies
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Turdidae The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. There are 335 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Palau.
*
Blue Rock-Thrush "Monticola solitarius"
*Eyebrowed Thrush "Turdus obscurus"Old World warblers
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Sylviidae The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. The Sylviidae mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs. There are 291 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Palau.
*
Palau Bush-Warbler "Cettia annae" (E)
*Lanceolated Warbler "Locustella lanceolata"Old World flycatchers
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Muscicapidae Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is very varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. There 274 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Palau.
*
Gray-spotted Flycatcher "Muscicapa griseisticta"
*Narcissus Flycatcher "Ficedula narcissina"
*Siberian Rubythroat "Luscinia calliope"Fantails
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Rhipiduridae The Fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders. There are 44 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
Palau Fantail "Rhipidura lepida" (E)Monarch flycatchers
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Monarchidae The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines, which hunt by flycatching. There are 99 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
Palau Flycatcher "Myiagra erythrops" (E)Whistlers and allies
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Pachycephalidae The family Pachycephalidae includes the whistlers, shrike-thrushes, shrike-tits, pitohuis and Crested Bellbird. There are 57 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
Morningbird "Colluricincla tenebrosa" (E)White-eyes
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Zosteropidae The white-eyes are small and are mostly of undistinguished appearance, the plumage above being generally either some dull color like greenish olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests many species have a white ring around the eyes. There are 96 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Palau.
*
Caroline Islands White-eye "Zosterops semperi"
*Dusky White-eye "Zosterops finschii" (E)
*Giant White-eye "Megazosterops palauensis" (E)Honeyeaters
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Meliphagidae The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium-sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea. They are nectar feeders and closely resemble other nectar-feeding passerines. There are 174 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
Micronesian Myzomela "Myzomela rubratra"hrikes
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Laniidae Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey. There are 31 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
Brown Shrike "Lanius cristatus"Woodswallows
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Artamidae The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings. There are 11 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
White-breasted Woodswallow "Artamus leucorynchus"tarlings
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Sturnidae Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct, and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. There are 125 species worldwide and 2 species which occur in Palau.
*
Micronesian Starling "Aplonis opaca"
*Chestnut-cheeked Starling "Sturnia philippensis" (A)Waxbills and allies
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Estrildidae The
estrildid finch es are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics andAustralasia . They are gregarious and often colonial seed-eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have a wide variation in plumage colours and pattern. There are 141 species worldwide and 3 species which occur in Palau.*
Blue-faced Parrotfinch "Erythrura trichroa"
*Nutmeg Mannikin "Lonchura punctulata"
*Chestnut Munia "Lonchura atricapilla" (I)Buntings, Sparrows, Seedeaters and allies
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Emberizidae The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with a distinctively shaped bill. In Europe, most species are named as buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as Sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns. There are species 275 worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.
*
Black-headed Bunting "Emberiza melanocephala" (A)parrows
Order:
Passeriformes Family:Passeridae Sparrow s are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed-eaters, and they also consume small insects. There are 35 species worldwide and 1 species which occurs in Palau.*
Eurasian Tree Sparrow "Passer montanus" (I)ee also
*
List of birds
*Lists of birds by region References
*cite web
last = Lepage
first = Denis
authorlink =
coauthors =
year =
url = http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?region=pw&pg=checklist&list=clements
title = Checklist of birds of Palau
format =
work = Bird Checklists of the World
publisher = Avibase
accessdate = 28 April
accessyear = 2007
*cite book
title=Birds of the World: a Checklist
first= James F.
last = Clements
publisher = Cornell University Press
date = 2000
id = ISBN 0934797161
pages = 880
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