- Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin von Steuben (
September 17 ,1730 –November 28 ,1794 ) was a Prussian-German army officer who served asinspector general of theContinental Army during theAmerican Revolutionary War . He is credited with teaching the Continental Army the essentials of military drill and discipline, helping to guide it to victory. He wrote the book that became the standardUnited States drill manual until theWar of 1812 , and essentially served as GeneralGeorge Washington 'schief of staff in the final years of the war.Early life
Steuben was born at
Magdeburg ,Duchy of Magdeburg , the son of Wilhelm Augustin Steuben (1699-1783), a lieutenant of engineers. His mother was Elizabeth von Jagvodin. Steuben accompanied his father to theRussian Empire when Friedrich Wilhelm I, King of Prussia andElector of Brandenburg , ordered Wilhelm into the service of Czarina Anna I. The family returned toPrussia after the accession of Frederick the Great to the throne in 1740.Steuben was schooled in Breslau by Jesuits and, by the age of 17, was a Prussian officer in the military. During the
Seven Years' War he was a member of an infantry unit but served primarily as astaff officer . By 1761 he had risen to the rank of captain and was serving in the Prussian general headquarters. The army was greatly reduced in size at the end of the war, and Steuben was one of many Prussian officers suddenly without work. His Prussian military career would later be exaggerated—he was not one of Frederick the Great's generals—but his experience on a professionalgeneral staff , an agency then practically unknown outside of Prussia, would prove to be valuable in his American career.Between the wars
In 1764 Steuben became chamberlain at the petty court of
Hohenzollern-Hechingen . In 1769, he started using the title ofbaron , based on a falsified lineage prepared by his father.Philander D. Chase. "Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von". "American National Biography Online ", February 2000.] He was the only courtier to accompany his incognito prince toFrance in 1771, hoping to borrow money. Failing to find funds, they returned to Germany in 1775, deeply in debt.Steuben traveled to Paris in the summer of 1777. As luck would have it, he had formerly been introduced to the French Minister of War,
Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain . The Count, fully realizing the potential of an officer with Prussian general staff training, further introduced him toBenjamin Franklin . Upon the Count's recommendation, Steuben was introduced toGeorge Washington by means of a letter from Franklin as a "Lieutenant General in the King of Prussia's service," an exaggeration of his actual credentials that appears to be based on a mistranslation of his service record. He was advanced travel funds and left Europe fromMarseilles .American Revolution
On
September 26 ,1777 , he reachedPortsmouth, New Hampshire and byDecember 1 , was extravagantly entertained in Boston. Congress was inYork, Pennsylvania , after being ousted from Philadelphia by the British advance. ByFebruary 5 ,1778 , Steuben had offered to volunteer without pay (for the time), and by the 23rd, Steuben reported for duty to Washington atValley Forge . Steuben spoke little English, but German and French were known by many officers. Many troops were immigrants and therefore spoke German. ColonelsAlexander Hamilton andNathanael Greene were of great help in assisting Steuben in drafting a training program for the Army, which found approval with Washington.Training program
Steuben's training technique was to create a "model company", a group of 120 chosen men who in turn successively trained other personnel at Regimental and Brigade levels. Steuben's eclectic personality greatly enhanced his mystique. He trained the soldiers, who at this point were greatly lacking in proper clothing themselves, in full military dress uniform, swearing and yelling at them up and down in German and French. When that was no longer successful, he recruited Captain Benjamin Walker, his French speaking aide, to curse at them for him in English. Steuben introduced a system of progressive training, beginning with the school of the soldier, with and without arms, and going through the school of the regiment. This corrected the previous policy of simply assigning personnel to regiments. Each company commander was made responsible for the training of new men, but actually instruction was done by selected sergeants, the best obtainable.
Another program developed by Steuben was camp
sanitation . He established standards of sanitation and camp layouts that would still be standard a century and a half later. There had previously been no set arrangement of tents and huts. Men relieved themselves where they wished and when an animal died, it was stripped of its meat and the rest was left to rot where it lay. Steuben laid out a plan to have rows for command, officers and enlisted men. Kitchens and latrines were on opposite sides of the camp, with latrines on the downhill side. There was the familiar arrangement of company and regimental streets.Perhaps Steuben's biggest contribution to the American Revolution was training in the use of the bayonet. Since the Battle of Bunker Hill, Americans had been mainly dependent upon using their ammunition to win battles. Throughout the early course of the war, Americans used the bayonet mostly as a cooking skewer or tool rather than as a fighting instrument. Steuben's introduction of effective bayonet charges became crucial. In the
Battle of Stony Point , American soldiers attacked with unloaded rifles and won the battle solely on Steuben's bayonet training.The first results of Steuben's training were in evidence at Barren Hill,
20 May 1778 and then again at theBattle of Monmouth in June 1778. Steuben, by then serving in Washington's Headquarters, was the first to determine the enemy was heading for Monmouth. Washington recommended appointment of Steuben as Inspector General onApril 30 ; Congress approved it onMay 5 . During the winter of 1778-1779, Steuben prepared "Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States," commonly known as the "Blue Book." [This book is available for download at [http://www.sgtstime.com sgtstime.com] ] Its basis was the training plan he had devised atValley Forge .outhern campaign
The following winter (1779-1780) Steuben's commission represented Washington to Congress regarding the reorganization of the army. In 1780 Steuben sat on the
court-martial of theBritish Army officer MajorJohn André , captured and charged with espionage in conjunction with the defection of General Benedict Arnold. He later traveled with Nathanael Greene, the new commander of the Southern campaign. He quartered in Virginia since the American supplies and soldiers would be provided to the army from there. During the spring of 1781, he aided Greene in the campaign in the south, culminating in the delivery of 450 Virginia Continentals to Lafayette in June.He was forced to take sick leave, rejoining the army for the final campaign at Yorktown, where his role was as commander of one of the three divisions of Washington's troops. Steuben gave assistance to Washington in demobilizing the army in 1783 as well as aiding in the defense plan of the new nation. He was discharged from the military with honor on
March 24 ,1783 .Final years
Steuben became an American citizen by act of the Pennsylvania legislature in March 1784 (and later by the New York authorities in July 1786). With the war over, Steuben resigned from service in 1784 and first settled on
Manhattan Island , where he became a prominent figure and elder in theGerman Reformed Church . His business acumen was not very keen and in the depression following the War, found himself in difficult financial conditions, particularly because Congress did not pay a promised pension nor compensate him for wartime expenses. After his friendAlexander Hamilton becameSecretary of the Treasury , Hamilton, with support of President Washington, submitted Steuben's expenses to Congress, which in 1790 finally voted him a yearly pension of $2,500.Steuben eventually settled on a small estate in the vicinity of
Utica, New York , on land granted to him for his military service. He later assisted in the founding of theSociety of the Cincinnati and was appointed a Regent for what evolved into the State University of New York. He never married and had no children. He left his estate to General Benjamin Walker and CaptainWilliam North , who had served as his aides-de-camp during the war, and with whom he had had a "extraordinarily intense emotional relationship". [William B. Skelton. "North, William"; "American National Biography Online ", February 2000.] He is buried at what is now theSteuben Memorial State Historic Site .Legacy
* Von Steuben has a holiday which takes place in September in the United States. It is a often considered the
German-American event of the year. Participants march, dance, wear Germanic costumes and play Germanic music, and the event is attended by millions of people. The largest event is the Annual German-AmericanSteuben Parade in New York City, which is traditionally followed by a Volksfest (People's Festival) in Central Park as well as celebrations inYorkville, Manhattan , a traditionally German section of New York City. The German-American Steuben Parade has been taking place since 1957. Chicago's von Steuben Day parade is featured in the American movie "Ferris Bueller's Day Off." Philadelphia is also known to host a very large von Steuben Parade that runs throughout the Northeast of the city.* The post-World War I years were difficult times for the German-American community during which they reorganized their main association into the
Steuben Society , now the largest organization for Americans of German extraction.* A warship, a submarine, and an ocean liner (later pressed into military service) were named in von Steuben's honor. In
World War I the captured German ship SS|Kronprinz Wilhelm was renamed as USS "Von Steuben", and in World War II there was the Dampfschiff "General von Steuben", an ill-fated German luxury passenger ship which was turned into an armed transport ship during the war. During theCold War , the US Navy submarine USS|Von Steuben|SSBN-632|6 was named for him.* Several locations in the United States are named
Steuben , most of them in his honor. Examples includeSteuben County, New York ,Steuben County, Indiana , and the city ofSteubenville, Ohio .*
Von Steuben Metropolitan Science Center is a public high school inChicago ,Illinois .* Steuben is one of four European military leaders who assisted the American cause during the Revolution honored with a
statue in Lafayette Square just north ofThe White House inWashington, DC .* The
Steuben House presented to Steuben as a gift for his services in theContinental Army is located inRiver Edge, New Jersey . Originally belonging to a Loyalist family, the house and surrounding farmland were seized in 1781. It was bought by the county of Bergen in 1928 for $9,000 and preserved as a national monument and public museum. The area around the house is used for both Revolutionary and Civil War re-enactments.* The
Hamilton College football team plays on Steuben Field constructed in 1897, one of the top ten oldest collegiate football fields in the United States. [ [http://www.nescac.com/Records/fbrecordbook.htm NESCAC Football Record Book] ] The field is named for Baron von Steuben who laid the cornerstone of the school acting asAlexander Hamilton 's surrogate. Upon graduating, all Hamilton seniors receive a cane as a gift from the college. The cane's design features a tricorn hat at the top of the cane to honor von Steuben.* The various depictions of Steuben in popular (American) media include portrayals by
Nehemiah Persoff in the 1979 U.S. TV Miniseries "The Rebels",Kurt Knudson in the 1984 TV miniseries "George Washington", and being voiced by Austrian-AmericanArnold Schwarzenegger in the animated series "Liberty's Kids ".References
External links
* [http://www.lebenusa.com/pdf/Leben-V1Issue4.pdf Baron Von Steuben: An account of a 19th century visit to America by his German relatives ]
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