A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar

A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar
Title page from the 38th edition published in 1880
Author(s)	Ebenezer Cobham Brewer
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Subject(s)	Science education
Publisher	Jarrold and Sons
Publication date	1840-47? (first edition)

A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar, also known as The Guide to Science or Brewer's Guide to Science, is a book by Ebenezer Cobham Brewer presenting explanations for common phenomena.^[1] Although presented as an accurate science text,^[1] the book actually promotes religious ideas, including divine design.^[2]

First published in the United Kingdom around 1840, the book was very popular^[3] with 47 editions being printed by 1905 in English alone,^[4] and this popularity enabled Brewer to gather material for his Dictionary of Phrase and Fable which remains a classic reference work.^[5]

Content

Page 1 of 2 of the contents of the 38th edition

Page 2 of 2 of the contents of the 38th edition

The object of The Guide to Science was to present answers to over 2000 questions about common phenomena.^[1] There are questions dealing with the man-made objects such as candles, stoves and chimneys as well as answers seeking to explain natural phenomena such as thunder and lightning (including a mention of ball lightning^[6]), clouds, dew and rainbows. Brewer intended that his book should be intelligible to a child, since children might often ask the questions he was seeking to answer, but without being so foolish as to offend the scientific.^[1]

The book is separated into two or three parts, depending upon the edition, each part having several chapters. Part one deals with questions relating to heat such as the sources of heat and its effects on humans and animals, while Part two deals with questions relating to air, explaining why metal rusts in air, the operation of barometers and the transmission of sound. A Miscellaneous section^{[Notes 1]} deals with several more nebulous questions, including questions about sleep and dreaming. Within each part, the different chapters break the questions and answers up into subject areas organised thematically.

History

The Guide to Science had its origin in a habit of Brewer's of making and saving notes from his reading.^[7][8] He set his notes out in a question-and-answer or catechism^[9] style, leaving a space for answers when they were obtained.^[7] Brewer bound his book into a volume and, disregarding advice from one man of science to burn it,^[7] sought to have it published. His initial offer to Thomas Jarrold to sell the copyright for 50 pounds was rejected.^[3][7] Instead, Jarrold agreed to publish the book under a profit sharing arrangement.^[3][7] The ultimate success of the book meant that this arrangement proved to be very profitable for both Brewer and Jarrold^[7] with Jarrold later refusing to sell his share back to Brewer even when offered 4000 pounds.^[3]

Publication history
Edition	Date	Print size[10]
1	1840-1847?[4][10]	2000
2	1848[10][11]	3000
3	January 1849[10]	5000
4	July 1849[10]	7000
5	1850[10]	8000
11	1857?[12]	8000
12	1858[10]	8000
13	1859[10]	4000
16	1862[13]	4000
22	1866[12]	4000
32	1874[10]	4000
38	1880[14]
44	1892[10]
47	1905[4]

The exact date of the book's first publication is uncertain.^[8] Brewer believed it was 1840^[4] but other sources suggest 1841^[4] or as late as 1847.^[10] A second edition of the book was published in 1848^[10][11] and two more in 1849.^[10] A total of 47 editions were published with the 47th edition appearing in 1905.^[4] The print runs were among the highest of any scientific book published in the second half of the 19th century,^[10] and Brewer said the success of the book was almost unparalleled at the time.^[1] Several translations of the book were made including a Spanish translation in 1858^[15] and two French translations.^[16] The French translations were themselves translated into Swedish in 1858^[16] and 1890^[17] and into Portuguese in 1900.^[18]

An edited version of the book by Robert Evans Peterson was published in the United States in 1851 as Familiar Science; or, the Scientific Explanation of Common Things,^[19] with a revised edition following in 1863.^[20] These versions were edited and rearranged in order to make them more suitable for American pupils^[21] and were used as a text-book by schools in Pennsylvania and Brooklyn.^[22] Brewer wrote to Peterson expressing his satisfaction at the rearrangement^[23] but nevertheless prepared a revised edition of his own which was published in the US in 1864.^[24] This edition was digitised and republished by the University of Michigan Library in 2005 following a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation as part of Making of America IV: the American voice, 1850-1877.^[25][26]

Religious perspectives

Brewer said that he consulted "the most approved modern authors" and submitted additions to "the revision of gentlemen of acknowledged reputation for scientific attainments".^[1][2] Nevertheless, religious rather than scientific answers to certain questions are prevalent in the book, particularly answers inferring divine design.^[2] For example, although modern theories of ice formation show that most of its unusual properties result from the hydrogen bond between neighbouring water molecules,^[27] Brewer suggested that the reason ice is lighter than water, expanding as it freezes, is because it has been "wisely ordained by God that water shall be an exception to a very general rule".^[27][28]

Reception and legacy

A review of the second edition of The Guide to Science was published by Punch magazine in 1850.^[11] The book was seen to be a "very useful little work". However, in typical Punch satirical style, the reviewer disagreed with one answer that we "feel a desire for activity in cold weather" due to "fanning combustion in the blood" by instead insisting that we feel a desire "to sit cosily over a fire in cold weather".

The success of The Guide to Science convinced Brewer, who was ordained as a deacon and later as a priest,^[2][29] that his readers still accepted religious explanations rather than evolutionary theory.^[2] Following the publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859, Brewer wrote Theology in Science; or The Testimony of Science to the Wisdom and Goodness of God (published in 1860) in order to demonstrate that evolution had not destroyed theological tradition and to continue The Guide to Science's promotion of natural theology.^[2] The book's popularity also resulted in Brewer being sent "a large number of questions on all imaginary matters".^[8][30] These questions and their answers became the nucleus of Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, first published in 1870.^[8][30] This latter book has long outlived all of Brewer's other publications^[31] and remains a classic reference work.^[5]

Notes

1. ^ The Miscellaneous section is included as a third part in the 1864 US edition, but is presented as a further chapter of the second part in the 1880 edition.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Brewer 1880, Preface
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Lightman 2007, pp. 64–68
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Andrews 2008, pp. 57–58
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Evans 1981, Chronological list of books, p. xiii
5. ^ ^{a b} Comment by the Times Educational Supplement noted on the 1981 revised edition of Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (Evans 1981)
6. ^ Brewer 1880, p. 11
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Nottinghamshire History: Edwinstowe". http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/rodgers1908/edwinstowe1.htm. Retrieved 1 April 2007. 
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Ferguson 1999
9. ^ Lightman 2007, p. 67
10. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Lightman 2007, p. 66
11. ^ ^{a b c} "Science in the 19th Century Peridical, Punch's Guide to the Science of Things Familiar". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927013825/http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/luceneweb/hri3/display.jsp?mode=sciper&file=PU1-19.html&reveal=issue_PU1-19-475&section=PU1-19-9-4&hil=#PU1-19-9-4. Retrieved 1 April 2007. 
12. ^ ^{a b} "Bodleian Library: Opie Collection of children's literature, Section F". http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/rarebooks/opie/opie-f.htm. Retrieved 1 April 2007. 
13. ^ According to an advert on page 94 of Home, New (1862), The new home; or, Wedded life, its duties, cares and pleasures, http://books.google.com/?id=O0sDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA94&dq=brewer%27s+guide+to+science, retrieved 2 July 2009 
14. ^ File:Guide to Science title page.jpg
15. ^ "La clave de Las Ciencias. Manual para el conocimiento de los fenómenos comunes de la naturaleza". CienciaNet.com. http://ciencianet.com/brewer.html. Retrieved 2 July 2009. 
16. ^ ^{a b} "Nordic Authors / Ebenezer Cobham Brewer". http://runeberg.org/authors/brewer.html. Retrieved 1 April 2007. 
17. ^ "Hvarför? och Huru? Nyckel till naturvetenskaperna". Project Runeberg. http://runeberg.org/huru/0001.html. Retrieved 2 July 2009. 
18. ^ "A chave da Sciencia ou a explicaçao dos principales phenomenos da natureza". CienciaNet.com. http://ciencianet.com/brewer_moigno.html. Retrieved 2 July 2009. 
19. ^ Peterson 1951
20. ^ Peterson 1963
21. ^ Peterson 1963, p. iii
22. ^ Peterson 1963, p. ii
23. ^ Peterson 1963, p. vi
24. ^ Brewer 1864, Title Page
25. ^ "Making of America Books: A guide to the scientific knowledge of things familiar. By Rev. Dr. Brewer". http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=AJN0728. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 
26. ^ "Mirlyn - Ann Arbor and Flint: A guide to the scientific knowledge of things familiar". http://mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/F/?func=direct&doc_number=003537407&local_base=MIU01_PUB. Retrieved 30 June 2009. 
27. ^ ^{a b} Cavelleri, Matteo (2004), Local Structure of Hydrogen-Bonded Liquids, Stockholm, p. 8 (footnote), http://www.math.nuk.edu.tw/jinnliu/papers/Cavalleri-Thesis-Water.pdf 
28. ^ Brewer 1880, p. 369
29. ^ Evans 1981, Introduction, p. vii
30. ^ ^{a b} Evans 1981, Introduction, p. x
31. ^ Evans 1981, Editor's Preface, p. v

Bibliography

• Andrews, William (2008), Literary Byways, BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 0-554-52804-5, http://books.google.com/?id=_HLtMApa3s0C, retrieved 22 June 2009 
• Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1864), A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar (US ed.), ISBN 1-4255-5648-5, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/b/bib/bibperm?q1=AJN0728, retrieved 1 April 2007 
• Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1880), A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar (38th ed.) 
• Evans, Ivor J. (1981), Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (New and revised ed.), ISBN 0-304-31589-3 
• Ferguson, Chris D. (1999), From Past-Present to Future-Perfect: A Tribute to Charles A. Bunge and the Challenges of Contemporary Reference Service, Routledge, p. 80, ISBN 0-7890-0767-3, http://books.google.com/?id=9jiZh7h9wYsC&pg=PA80, retrieved 1 July 2009 
• Lightman, Bernard V. (2007), Victorian popularizers of science, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-48118-2, http://books.google.com/?id=ady3NSvPi_8C, retrieved 22 June 2009 
• Peterson, Robert Evans (1951), Familiar Science; or, the Scientific Explanation of Common Things, Robert E. Peterson & co., http://books.google.com/?id=6YXQGQAACAAJ, retrieved 1 July 2009 
• Peterson, Robert Evans (1963), Familiar Science; or, the Scientific Explanation of Common Things (revised ed.), http://books.google.com/?id=w0kdcq9c_hcC, retrieved 1 July 2009 

External links

• Sound and Its Phenomena By Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, written following success of the Guide
• Evenings at home, or, The juvenile budget opened By John Aikin, pages 453-454 (one of many available copies of an advert with accompanying reviews)
• A Handy-book of the Law of Copyright By Frederick Patey Chappell, John Shoard, page 34-35
• Sources expressing dissatification with cramming facts
  • Report of the commissioners By Schools inquiry commission, Great Britain, page 812
  • The governess By Trev Lynn Broughton, Ruth Symes, page 52
• The Missionary herald By American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, page 327
• Last Laughs By Regina Barreca, page 142, quoting A London Family 1870-1900: A Trilogy by Mary Vivian Hughes