Edward Almond

For the politician, see Edward Almon.

Edward Mallory Almond
MajGen Edward Almond, commanding the 92nd Infantry Division.
Nickname	Ned
Born	December 12, 1892(1892-12-12) Luray, Virginia
Died	June 11, 1979(1979-06-11) (aged 86) Anniston, Alabama
Place of burial	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1916-1953
Rank	Lieutenant General
Commands held	92nd Infantry Division X Corps Army War College
Battles/wars	World War I World War II Korean War
Awards	Distinguished Service Cross (2) Army Distinguished Service Medal (2) Silver Star (2) Purple Heart

Edward Mallory "Ned" Almond (December 12, 1892 – June 11, 1979) was a controversial United States Army general best known as the commander of the Army's X Corps during the Korean War.

Early Biography

Born in Luray, Virginia, Almond graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in 1915 and became an infantry officer in 1916, serving in France with the 4th Division during the final months of World War I. He graduated from the Command & General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1930. After a tour of duty in Philippines he attended the Army War College in 1934. From 1934 to 1938 he was attached to intelligence Division of the General Staff. Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in September 1938, he completed the course at Naval War College in 1940 and in January 1941 was assigned staff duty at VI Corps HQ, Providence, Rhode Island. Promoted to the temporary ranks of Colonel October 1941, Brigadier General March 1942, when was named assistant commander of the 92nd Infantry Division located in Arizona.^[1]

World War II and Postwar Occupation in Japan

Almond was for a time highly regarded by George Marshall, also a VMI graduate, who was Army Chief of Staff during World War II. This regard accounted in part for Almond's promotion to Major General ahead of most of his peers and subsequent command of the 92nd Infantry Division, made of almost exclusively African-American soldiers, a position he held from its formation in October 1942 until August 1945. He led the division in combat in the Italian campaign of 1944-1945. Although George Marshall picked Almond for this assignment because Marshall believed Almond would excel at this difficult assignment, the division performed poorly in combat. Almond blamed the division's poor performance on its largely African-American troops, echoing the widespread prejudice in the segregated Army that blacks made poor soldiers^[2]--and went on to advise the Army against ever again using African-Americans as combat troops.^[3] Almond told confidants that the division's poor combat record had cheated him of higher command.^[4]

In 1946 Almond was transferred to Tokyo as chief of personnel at General MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ). Normally a deadend job, Almond handled the sizable challenge of staffing the occupation forces in Japan as the American forces rapidly demobilized, standing out among MacArthur's lackluster staff officers. Having won MacArthur's confidence as a capable and loyal—beyond the point of sycophancy—staff officer,^[5] Almond was the logical choice to become GHQ Chief of Staff in January 1949, when the incumbent, Paul Mueller, rotated home.^[6] As chief of staff, Almond played the part of MacArthur's alter ego, allowing no daylight to separate him from his superior.^[7]

Korean War and X Corps

In 1950, MacArthur split X Corps from the 8th Army then placed Almond, who had no experience with amphibious operations, in command of the main landing force just before the amphibious invasions of Inchon and Wonsan. Some saw MacArthur's appointment of Almond to command X Corps as a blatant attempt to improve Almond's prospects for a third star; the appointment became known as "Operation Three Star" among the dubious troops^{[citation needed]}. Almond earned the scorn of Marine officers when, during the early phase of the Inchon landing, he asked if the amphibious tractors used to land the Marines could float.^[8] During this invasion Almond failed to capture most of the opposing North Korean Army as they retreated from the 38th parallel to defensive positions above Seoul.

During this time, Almond had many conflicts with Major General O. P. Smith,^[8] commander of the 1st Marine Division, which was part of X Corps (and therefore under Almond's overall command) from October until December 1950. Likewise Almond had a poor relationship with Lieutenant General Walton Walker, commander of the 8th Army. Historians have criticized Almond for the wide dispersal of his units during the X Corps invasion of the north-eastern part of North Korea, in November–December 1950. This dispersal contributed to the defeat of X Corps by Chinese troops, including the destruction of Task Force Faith, and the narrow escape of the Marines at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.^[9] Military historians believe that Marine Major General O.P. Smith's skill and caution was the major reason that X Corps had as many survivors as it did. Almond was very slow to recognize the scale of the Chinese attack on X Corps, urging Army and Marine units forward despite the huge Chinese forces arrayed against them. His lack of appreciation of the strength and skill of the Chinese forces, as well as his innate racism, was on full display when he told his subordinate officers "The enemy who is delaying you for the moment is nothing more than remnants of Chinese divisions fleeing north. We're still attacking and we're going all the way to the Yalu. Don't let a bunch of Chinese laundrymen stop you."

Despite his controversial reputation, and some suspect because of his well-known good relationship with General MacArthur, Almond was retained as X Corps commander by Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway when he took command of Eighth Army in December, which now included the X Corps. Although he was regarded by Ridgway as his only aggressive corps commander and took part in the defeat of the Chinese offensives during February and March 1951, as well as the Eighth Army's counter-offensive, Operation Killer, his command was immediately severely reduced by Ridgway.^[10] Almond was promoted to Lieutenant General during this time.

Post Korea

In July 1951, Almond became head of the U.S. Army War College.^[11] He retired in 1953 and worked in insurance until his death in 1979.

Almond's decorations include the Distinguished Service Cross with oak leaf cluster, the Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster and the Purple Heart.

•   Distinguished Service Cross with oak leaf cluster
•   Army Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
•   Silver Star with oak leaf cluster
•   Purple Heart

He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

In popular culture

• In the novel series The Corps, General Almond is mentioned in the last two books: Under Fire and Retreat Hell! Almond is portrayed by the author (who served under Almond in Korea) in a positive light, with no reference made to his racial views.

• In James McBride's 2002 novel Miracle at St. Anna, the commanding general of the 92nd Infantry Division, General Allman, is based on Almond.

• In the 2008 Spike Lee film Miracle at St. Anna, Almond is portrayed by Robert John Burke.

See also

	Biography portal
	United States Army portal
	World War I portal
	World War II portal

References

Notes

1. ^ Edward Mallory Almond, Lieutenant General, United States Army
2. ^ Blair, Clay (1987). The Forgotten War. New York: Times Books. p. 32. 
3. ^ http://www.jstor.org/view/08993718/di962762/96p0222v/1?frame=noframe&userID=[e-mail]/01c0a848690050118e6d&dpi=3&config=jstor^{[dead link]}
4. ^ Halberstam, David (2008) [2007]. The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War (reprint ed.). New York: Hyperion. pp. 160–161. ISBN 9780786888627. 
5. ^ Fehrenbach, T. R. (1998) [1963]. This Kind of War. Dulles, VA: Brassey. p. 163. 
6. ^ Blair, Clay. The Forgotten War. p. 33. 
7. ^ Halberstam, David. The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. p. 163. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Coram, Robert (2010). Brute: The Life of Victor Krulak, U.S. Marine (illustrated ed.). Little, Brown and Company. pp. 207, 213. ISBN 9780316758468. http://books.google.com/books?id=NB9yRAAACAAJ&dq=brute+krulak&hl=en&ei=KTUmTez8KYH88AbvnuzDAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg. Retrieved 2011-01-05. 
9. ^ The Coldest Winter, by David Halberstam.
10. ^ The Coldest Winter, by David Halberstam.
11. ^ "Carlisle Barracks History". U.S. Army. http://carlislebarracks.carlisle.army.mil/about/history.cfm. Retrieved 2011-01-06. 

Bibliography

• Blair, Clay (1987). The Forgotten War: America in Korea: 1950-1953. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-1670-0. 
• Fehrenbach, T.R. (1963). This Kind of War. Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's. ISBN 1-57488-259-7. 
• Halberstam, David (2007). The Coldest Winter - America and the Korean War. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-140130-052-4. 
• Russ, Martin (1999). Breakout – The Chosin Reservoir Campaign, Korea, 1950.. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14029-259-4. 

External links

• Arlington National Cemetery listing
• Edward Almond at Find a Grave

Persondata
Name	Almond, Edward
Alternative names
Short description	United States Army general
Date of birth	December 12, 1892
Place of birth	Luray, Virginia
Date of death	June 11, 1979
Place of death	Anniston, Alabama