Yelkouan Shearwater

Taxobox
name = Yelkouan Shearwater
status = NT
status_system = iucn3.1
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Procellariiformes
familia = Procellariidae
genus = "Puffinus"
species = "P. yelkouan"
binomial = "Puffinus yelkouan"
binomial_authority = (Acerbi, 1827)
synonyms ="Procellaria yelkouan" Acerbi, 1827
"Puffinus puffinus yelkouan" (Acerbi, 1827) "Puffinus yelkouan yelkouan" (Acerbi, 1827)

The Yelkouan Shearwater or Levantine Shearwater ("Puffinus yelkouan" [Etymology: "Puffinus" is New Latin from the English term "puffin" (to which the shearwaters are entirely unrelated). "yelkouan", from Turkish "yelkovan", "wind-chaser", a local term for shearwaters, particularly of this species.] ) is a medium-sized shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae.

Description and identification

Yelkouan Shearwaters are 30-38 cm long, with a 76-89 cm wingspan. It has the typically "shearing" flight of the genus, dipping from side to side on stiff wings with few wingbeats, the wingtips almost touching the water. This bird looks like a flying cross, with its wing held at right angles to the body, and it changes from very dark brown to white as the dark upperparts and paler undersides are alternately exposed as it travels low over the sea.

It is silent at sea, but at night the breeding colonies are alive with raucous cackling calls, higher pitched and more drawn out than the Manx Shearwater's.

The Yelkouan Shearwater has a more contrasted appearance than the Balearic Shearwater with which its winter range overlaps, since the latter species is brown above and dirty white below. It is very similar to the black-and-white Manx Shearwater of the Atlantic, and stray birds out of their usual range are very difficult to identify with certainty.

Also, at least one mixed breeding colony of the Yelkouan and the Balearic Shearwater exists on Minorca. A study of these birds recommended that a combination of morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data should be required at least for scientific purposes to assign individual birds to either species.Genovart "et al." (2005)]

ystematics

It was formerly considered a subspecies of the Manx Shearwater [Harrison (1988)] ; see there for more on the "Puffinus puffinus" superspecies. After the first split [Sibley & Monroe (1990)] , it was the nominate subspecies of the so-called "Mediterranean Shearwater" for nearly ten more years; it is considered a monotypic species nowadays, as the Balearic form "mauretanicus" has been separated as Balearic Shearwater [Wink "et al" (1993), Heidrich "et al" (1998), Sangster "et al." (2002)] .

The Yelkouan Shearwater appears to belong to a group of Mediterranean and adjacent Atlantic shearwaters which includes the Balearic Shearwater [Austin (1996)] and one to three prehistorically extinct taxa, Hole's and possibly also Olson's Shearwater as well as an undescribed population of uncertain distinctness from Menorca [Alcover (2001)] . The two living Mediterranean lineages had probably separated before the end of the Pliocene (c.2 million years ago), as indicated by molecular differences and putative direct ancestor of the Balearic Shearwater, the Ibizan fossil "Puffinus nestori" from the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene [Heidrich "et al." (1998)] .

Ecology and status

Yelkouan Shearwaters breed on islands and coastal cliffs in the eastern and central Mediterranean. Most winter in that sea, but small numbers enter the Atlantic in late summer. This species nests in burrows which are only visited at night to avoid predation by large gulls.

This is a gregarious species, which can be seen in large numbers from boats or headlands, especially on in autumn. It is under some threat from the development of holiday resorts near its breeding sites, and also from animals such as cats and rats. The Yelkoan Shearwater feeds on fish and molluscs. It follows fishing ships when offal is being thrown.

The study of the Minorcan colony concluded that at least in these westernmost birds, genetic variation was extremely low, suggesting that the Yelkouan Shearwater may have suffered a marked population decline historically and thus, while not threatened judging from its absolute numbers, could be vulnerable to adverse effects of inbreeding.

It was formerly classified as a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN [BLI (2004)] . But new research has shown it to be rarer than it was believed. Consequently, it is uplisted to Near Threatened status in 2008 [BLI (2008)] .

Footnotes

References

* (2001): Nous avenços en el coneixement dels ocells fòssils de les Balears. "Anuari Ornitològic de les Balears" 16: 3-13. [Article in Catalan, English abstract] [http://www.gobmallorca.com/ornit/anuari/anuari2001/fossils.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (1996): Molecular Phylogenetics of "Puffinus" Shearwaters: Preliminary Evidence from Mitochondrial Cytochrome "b" Gene Sequences. "Mol. Phylogenet. Evol." 6(1): 77–88. DOI|10.1006/mpev.1996.0060 (HTML abstract)
*|year=2004|id=49707|title=Puffinus yelkouan|downloaded=12 May 2006
* (2008): [http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/whats_new.html [2008 IUCN Redlist status changes] . Retrieved 2008-MAY-23.
* (2005): Two sibling species sympatrically breeding: a new conservation concern for the critically endangered Balearic shearwater. "Conservation Genetics" 6(4): 601–606. DOI|10.1007/s10592-005-9010-z [http://www.imedea.uib.es/natural/goi/seabirds/docs/Genovart%20et%20al%202005.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (1988): "Seabirds" (2nd ed.). Christopher Helm, London ISBN 0-7470-1410-8
* (1998): Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. "Biochemical Systematics and Ecology" 26(2): 145–170. DOI|10.1016/S0305-1978(97)00085-9 [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1998/8.%201998.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (2002): Taxonomic recommendations for European birds. "Ibis" 144(1): 153–159. DOI|10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x PDF fulltext]
* (1990): "Distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world". Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. ISBN 0-300-04969-2
* (1993): Genetic evidence for speciation of the Manx shearwater ("Puffinus puffinus") and the Mediterranean Shearwater ("P. yelkouan"). "Die Vogelwelt" 114(6): 226-232. [Article in English with German abstract] [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1993/23.%201993.pdf PDF fulltext]

External links

* [http://www.surfbirds.com/mb/Features/yelkouan-0707.html Article about the EU LIFE Yelkouan Shearwater conservation project]