List of marches

This is a list of European medieval marches.

Northeastern marches

At the beginning of his rule as king of Germany, Otto I tried to reorganize his realm to prepare an expansion to the East. At the beginning of the year 937 he created two marches: The March of the Billungen, given to Hermann Billung, later Duke of Saxony, and the Eastern march, given to Gero. In 961, when Billung became Duke of Saxony his March was merged with the duchy. In the case of Gero, Otto I, now emperor, decided the division of his territories, greatly expanded since 937.

* March of Billung (937-961): Carved from the Duchy of Saxony, then merged back.
** 937-961: Hermann Billung
* March of Gero, sometime called Nordmark or Ostmark (937-965): Carved from the Duchy of Saxony, then divided in five marches.
** 937-965: Gero
* Nordmark, later known as Brandenburg (from 965): Carved from the March of Gero.
** 965-985: Dietrich von Haldensleben
** 985-1003: Lothar I of Walbeck
* Ostmark, sometime confused with Nordmark, later known as Lusatia (from 965): Carved from the March of Gero.
** 965-979: Thietmar I
** 979-993: Hodo I
** 993-1015: Gero II
* Meissen, also called March of Thuringia (from 965): Carved from the March of Gero.
** 965-979: Wigbert
** 979-985: Rikdag
** 985-1002: Ekkehard I
* Merseburg (965-982): Carved from the March of Gero, annexed to Meissen.
** 965-982: Günther
* Zeitz (965-979): Carved from the March of Gero, annexed to Meissen.
** 965-979: Wigger I
* March of Moravia (1182-1918): Created by Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, against the Kingdom of Bohemia. Became an Habsburg possession until World War I.

Northwestern marches

In 861, Charles the Bald, king of France, created two marches to protect his realm from warriors coming from Brittany and Normandy. Both were named March of Neustria, but will be known as March of Brittany and March of Normandy. In 863, the king created the March of Flanders.

* March of Brittany (861-987): Annexed to the Kingdom of France.
** 861-866: Robert the Strong
* March of Normandy (861-987): Annexed to the Kingdom of France.
** 861-865: Adalhard, Udo of Neustria and Berengar I of Neustria (jointly)
* March of Flanders (863-877): Downgraded to a County after.
** 863-877: Baldwin I

outheastern marches

* Ostmark, later known as Austria.
* Carinthia (889-1012), later a Duchy.
* Friuli (776-927)
* Carniola (927-1071): Carved from Friuli, annexed to the Patriarchy of Aquileia.
* Istria (1062-1209): Carved from Carinthia, annexed to the Patriarchy of Aquileia.
* Verona (1061-1250): Created by the Emperor as a gift, annexed to Austria.
* Tuscany (931-1173): Created by the Italian king Hugh of Arles for his brother, then annexed to the Empire.
** 931-936: Boso of Tuscany

outhwestern marches

* Spain, also named Gothia and Septimania (806-885): Created to protect Spanish counties from Ansalusian invasions, merged into Aquitaine.
** 806-816: Beggo of Paris
** 820-825: Rampon, Count of Barcelona
** 826-832: Bernard of Septimania
** 832-835: Berengar von Toulouse
** 835-844: Bernard of Septimania
* Provence (905-1105): From 975 it became a family title, the eldest bearing it. It disappeared after the death of Raymond IV of Toulouse.
** 905-936: Hugh of Italy
** 936-948: Hugh, Duke of Burgundy
** 948-975: Conrad of Burgundy
** 975-993: William I of Provence
** 993-1005: Rotbold II of Provence
** 1005-1014: Rotbold III of Provence
** 1014-1037: William III of Provence
** 1037-1051: Fulk Bertrand of Provence
** 1051-1061: Geoffrey I of Provence
** 1061-1094: William Bertrand of Provence
** 1094-1105: Raymond IV of Toulouse
* Aquitaine (885-886): Successor to the March of Spain, became a Duchy.
** Bernard Plantapilosa