Sawfish

Taxobox
name = Sawfishes
status = CR
status_system = iucn2.3
status_ref = ["2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species." IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 June 2007]

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image_width = 250px
image_caption = Smalltooth sawfish, "Pristis pectinata"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Chondrichthyes
subclassis = Elasmobranchii
superordo = Batoidea
ordo = Pristiformes
familia = Pristidae
subdivision_ranks = Genera
subdivision = "Anoxypristis" "Pristis" See text for species.

Sawfishes are a family of marine animals related to sharks and rays. Their most striking appearance is a long, toothy snout. They are members of the sole family Pristidae within the order Pristiformes, from the Greek "pristēs" meaning "a sawyer" or "a saw".

They are not to be confused with sawsharks (order Pristiophoriformes), which have a similar physical appearance.

All species of sawfish are considered critically endangered and international trade is banned. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6740609.stm BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Sawfish protection acquires teeth ] ]

Description

The most eye-catching feature of the sawfish is their saw-like snout, called a rostrum. The rostrum is covered with motion- and electro-sensitive pores that allow sawfish to detect movement and even heartbeats of buried prey in the ocean floor. The rostrum acts like a metal detector as the sawfish hovers over the bottom, looking for hidden food. It is also used as a digging tool to unearth buried crustaceans. When a suitable prey swims by, the normally lethargic sawfish will spring from the bottom and slash at it furiously with its saw. This generally stuns or injures the prey sufficiently for the sawfish to devour it without much resistance. Sawfishes have also been known to defend themselves with their rostrum, against predators (like sharks) and intruding divers. The "teeth" protruding from the rostrum are not real teeth, but modified denticle scales. (The scales of a sawfish have a similar structure to its teeth, confusing the distinction somewhat.)

The body and head of a sawfish is flat as they spend most of their time lying on the sea floor. Like rays, the sawfish's mouth and nares are located on its flat underside. The mouth is lined with small, dome-shaped teeth for eating small fish and crustaceans; though sometimes the fish swallows them whole. Sawfishes breathe with two spiracles just behind the eyes that draw water to the gills. The skin is covered with tiny dermal denticles (skin-teeth) that gives the fish a rough texture. Sawfishes are usually light grey or brown; the smalltooth sawfish, "Pristis pectinata", appears olive green.

Like other elasmobranchs, sawfishes lack a swim bladder and use a large, oil-filled liver instead to keep them buoyant. Their skeleton is made of cartilage.

The eyes of sawfish are undeveloped due to their muddy habitat. The rostrum is the main sensory device.

The intestines are shaped like a corkscrew, called a spiral-valve.

The smallest sawfish is the 1.4 m (4.6 foot) dwarf sawfish, "Pristis clavata", a species much smaller than most other sawfish. The largest species seem to be the largetooth sawfish, "Pristis microdon" and the southern sawfish, "Pristis perotteti", both of which can exceed 7 m (23 feet) in length. One southern sawfish, whose length for some reason went unmeasured, was said to have weighed 2,455 kg (5,400 lb). Fact|date=February 2008

Distribution and habitat

Sawfish are found in tropical and sub-tropical areas around Africa and Australia and in the Caribbean, and frequently ascend far into rivers. They are also found in bays and estuaries.

Sawfish live only in shallow, muddy water and can be found in both freshwater and saltwater. Most prefer river mouths and freshwater systems. All sawfish have the ability to traverse between fresh and saltwater, and often do so.

Behavior

Sawfish are nocturnal, usually sleeping during the day, hunting at night. Despite fearsome appearances, they are gentle fishes and will not attack humans unless provoked or surprised. The smalltooth sawfish is well known by fishermen as a prize game fish because of the fight it puts up once hooked. Capturing sawfish is illegal in the United States and Australia.

Reproduction

Little is known about the reproduction habits of the sawfish. Each individual lives around 25 to 30 years, and matures at 10 years.

Females give live birth to pups, whose semi-hardened rostrum is covered with a rubbery envelope. This prevents the pup from injuring its mother during birth. The rubbery envelope eventually disintegrates and falls off.

The sawfish is estimated to mate once every two years, with an average litter of around eight pups. They mature slowly - it is estimated that they don't reproduce until they're 3.5 to 4 meters long and 10 to 12 years old - and reproduce at immensely lower rates than most fish do. This makes the animals especially slow to recover from overfishing.Raloff, Janet (2007). [http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070811/bob9.asp Hammered Saws] , "Science News" vol. 172, pp. 90-92.]

Species

* Genus "Anoxypristis"
** Knifetooth sawfish, "Anoxypristis cuspidata" (Latham, 1794).
**:Also known as the narrow or pointed sawfish. Lives in muddy areas, appears grey.
* Genus "Pristis"
** Dwarf sawfish, "Pristis clavata" Garman, 1906.
**:Also known as the Queensland sawfish. Inhabits muddy bays and estuaries along the northern coast of Australia. Relatively small compared to other species, only around 1.4 m.
** Largetooth sawfish, "Pristis microdon" Latham, 1794.
**:Inhabits freshwater systems and have been found deep inland. The largest Australian freshwater fish.
** Smalltooth sawfish, "Pristis pectinata" Latham, 1794.
**:Also known as the wide sawfish. Lives in muddy areas, appears green or bluish-grey. Found Also lives in the Caribbean and around the Australian and African coastlines.
** Large-tooth sawfish, "Pristis perotteti" Müller & Henle, 1841.
**:Lives around the Caribbean and Central American coastline. Seriously endangered in Central and South America, especially Lake Nicaragua.
** Common sawfish, "Pristis pristis" (Linnaeus, 1758).
**:Once plentiful in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, this species has become either critically endangered or is assumed extinct.
** Longcomb sawfish, "Pristis zijsron" Bleeker, 1851.
**:Prefers muddy bays and estuaries. The most common sawfish.

Conservation

All species of sawfish are considered critically endangered. As well as being accidentally caught in fishing nets sawfish are also hunted for their rostrum (which is prized as a curiosity by some), their fins (which are eaten as a delicacy), their liver oil and for use as medicine.

It is illegal to capture Sawfish in the United States and in Australia. The sale of smalltooth sawfish rostra is also prohibited in the United States under the Endangered Species Act (ESA); the sale of other sawfish rostra remains legal. However, due to the fact that most rostra on the American market are from the smalltooth sawfish and very few laymen can differentiate the species from which the rostra originated, it is therefore generally advised not to purchase sawfish rostra at all.

Habitat destruction is another threat to sawfish conservation.

Sawfishes are difficult to conserve in aquaria because it appears they may require a blend of saltwater and freshwater to stay healthy. However, the amount and duration of exposure are uncertain.

As of June 2007 the international trade of sawfish has been banned by the CITES convention.cite conference
booktitle =
title = Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
pages = CoP14 Prop. 17
publisher = Fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties
date = 3-15 June 2007
location = The Hague
url = http://www.cites.org/eng/cop/14/prop/E14-P17.pdf
accessdate =
id = ] At the 14th Conference of the Parties to CITES an annotation to listing all species from Family: Pristidae to Appendix I was made by the Australian delegation. The annotation, which was supported by the required two thirds majority, was for Pristis microdon to be treated as Appendix II “for the exclusive purpose of allowing international trade in live animals to appropriate and acceptable aquaria for primarily conservation purposes.” The annotation was accepted on the basis that Australian populations of P. microdon are robust relative to other populations in the species range; and that a Non Detriment Finding is unlikely to be supported from any other country than Australia. The annotaion means that the hundreds of millions of people that visit public aquaria worldwide annually will gain awareness of this unique species and the issues that have endangered its survival through much of the species range. All trade must be accompanied by an agreement between the exporter, importer and the Australian CITES Management Authority ensuring that the receiving aquarium has the capacity to house and care for the animal and that display is accompanied by comprehensive educational material. Since the implementation of the annotation, a sawfish research association has been established in northern Australia to facilitate accelerated research effort in P. microdon and other euryhaline elasmobranchs in rivers that drain to the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Cultural perception

Sawfish became a powerful symbol in many cultures. Aztecs revered sawfish as an "Earth monster." Its rostrum is used by some Asian shamans for exorcisms and other ceremonies to repel demons and disease, which has contributed to its demise.

References

*
* [http://hometown.aol.com/nokogiri/ Sawfish - Sharks with swords]
* [http://australian-animals.net/sawfish.htm Unique Australian Animals - Sawfish]
* [http://img184.imageshack.us/img184/8261/21pristismicrodonrmitchell5pp.jpgPhotograph]
* [http://www.oceanconservancy.org/sawfish The Ocean Conservancy: Sawfish]