Trogidae

Taxobox
name = Hide beetles


image_width = 250px
image_caption = "Trox sabulosus"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Arthropoda
classis = Insecta
ordo = Coleoptera
superfamilia = Scarabaeoidea
familia = Trogidae
familia_authority = MacLeay, 1819
diversity_link = Trogidae#Species
diversity = c. 300 species
subdivision_ranks = Genera
subdivision = "Omorgus"
"Polynoncus"
"Trox"
The (Trogidae) or hide beetles are a family of beetles with a distinctive warty or bumpy appearance. Found worldwide, the family includes about 300 species contained in three genera.

Trogids range in length from 2.5 to 20.0 mm. Their shape is oblong to oval, with a generally flat abdomen. Their color ranges from brown to gray or black, often obscured with a dirt encrusting. Otherwise they resemble scarab beetles, with heavy limbs and spurs.

They are scavengers, being among the last to visit and feed on the dried-out remains of dead animals; both adults and larvae will eat feathers, fur, and skin. They may also be found in bird and mammal nests. Details of species' life histories is usually poorly known, since many are specialized to particular types of nests. Between their covering of dirt and a habit of becoming motionless when disturbed, they are often overlooked, both by predators and by collectors.

The taxonomic position of these beetles is somewhat unsettled, with many authorities placing them as a subfamily Troginae of the Scarabaeidae. The common name "skin beetle" is sometimes used, but that name is usually used of the Dermestidae.

Origins

Trogidae, otherwise noted as the skin beetle, the hide beetle, and the carcass beetle is found worldwide. The family of Trogidae has approximately three hundred species containing three different genera that occur within all seven continents: Trox, Omorgus, and Polynoncus. [Jameson, Mary Liz (2002): "Trogidae", in Ross H. Arnett, Jr. and Michael C. Thomas, American Beetles (CRC Press, 2002), vol. 2 ] These three genera are declared as the only known genera in the ‘New World’; with Trox discovered by Fabricius in 1775, Omorgus discovered by Erichson in 1847, and Polynoncus discovered by Burmeister in 1876.

The family of Trogidae favors dry environments over moist environments and therefore is often found within temperate and plains areas. Each particular genus is found in different regions of the world, such as the Trox genus is found in the Holarctic/Ethiopian area; the Omorgus genus is typically more within the southern continents; and the Polynoncus genus is found in South America. Deloya, C. (2005): [http://www.ecologia.edu.mx/folentmex/documentos/2005_sup_1/2005-sup1-14NV.pdf Omorgus rodriguezae especie nueva de México y clave para separar las especies del género para centro y norteamérica (Coleoptera: Trogidae)] . Folia Entomol. Mex 44: 121-129. PDF ] Specifically the beetles are found within the pellet of any variety of animal, surrounding carrion or other decaying dry matter, and around birds’ and mammals’ nests and feathers as well as aging bones.

The origins and classifications for the family of Trogidae are very controversial but recent NA literature depicts Trogidae as its own family rather than a subfamily of Scarabaeidae. One major reason for the dispute between classifications is the possible evolution of the ommatidium in the eyes. The different environments, predators, etc. probably led to the adaptation of ommatidium structures within this family. For example the more advanced and numerous the ommatidium the more present the larger the ability of the insect to escape and elude predators. Due to these similarities many call the family of Scarabaeidae a ‘superfamily’ to the family of Trogidae. It is believed that Trogidae hails from Australia. [ LAWRENCE, J. F. and E. B. BRITTON. 1991. Coleoptera. The Insects of Australia, 2nd edition, Volume 1, pp. 543-683. Melbourne University Press, Carlton. ] Although migration to other parts of the world is not clearly outlined, it could be assumed that they first traveled with goods and cargo on ships.

Anatomy

Trogidae are characterized by their distinct dirt-incrusted, warty or bumpy appearance. They are usually brown to gray/black in color and are covered with short, fairly dense setae. Their body shape is oblong to oval with a flat abdomen and their length varies from 2 to 20 millimeters depending on species. The antenna of hide beetles are usually fairly short and clubbed. [Watson, L. and Dallwitz, M. J.. 2003 onwards. [http://delta-intkey.com/britin/col/www/trogidae.htm British Insects: the Families of Coleoptera: Trogidae] Version: 9th April 2007. http://delta-intkey.com] The hardened elytra of Trogidae, which are generally covered with small knobs giving the beetle their rough appearance, meet along the midline of the body and cover the entire abdomen and well developed wings. Their head is bent down and covered by the pronotum. [ [http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/coleoptera_families/trogidae.html Carcass Beetles] CSIRO Entomology] They also have heavy limbs and spurs resembling those of scarab beetles. Trogidae larvae are a creamy yellow/white in color, except at their caudal end which darkens as it accumulates with feces. They have a heavily sclerotized cranium that is almost black in color. The abdominal segments have at least one or more transverse rows of setae.

Diet and Habitat

Their predators are rare due to their habit of being covered with dirt and debris and that when they are disturbed they have a habit of being motionless or faking death to avoid detection or being eaten. Their most common predators are birds since they tend to invade nests among other things. Jameson, Mary Liz. [http://www.unl.edu/museum/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/Trogidae/Trogidae-Overview/TrogidaeO.html Guide to New World Scarab Beetles - Trogidae] UNL State Museum - Division of Entomology]

The Trogidae family is predaceous in addition to being scavengers. The pupae, larval, and adult stages of life have all been documented to be cannibalistic. Because of this tendency, the adult beetles will postpone, or delay pupation in an effort to maintain their safety and find a safe pupation site. The adult hide beetle produces a pheromone in its feces that leads other adults and larvae to food sources. Studies have shown that this species is not cannibalistic due to over-crowding of populations, but just a food source preference.

Beetles of the Trogidae family have also been found to feed off of carcasses in the wild that have died and are decomposing. In one lab experiment done in 1998 by the Department of Zoology at the University of Melbourne, the hide beetle ate all tissues on a sheep carcass and left the bones.

When carcasses are not available their diet consists of eating the dry remains of dead mammals and birds in later to last stages of decomposition. Since they are usually the last at the scene, they can be found eating feathers, fur, skin, feces and anything else they can scavenge. Trogidae "Omorgus candidus" or any beetle in the family Trogidae is a scavenger type beetle that all have the same diet and predators for all in this family are the same. [Archer, Melanie and Mark A Elgar. Cannibalism and delayed pupation in hide beetles, Dermestes maculates DeGeer. Australian Journal of Entomology. (1998) Volume 37 pages 158-161.]

Mating Habits and Life Cycle

During decomposition of a carcass, the beetles will leave their nest to feed on the carrion. As the last succession of insects to appear on the carcass, both larvae and adults can be found feeding on the dry remains. At the site of the carcass, an impregnated female will dig small, vertical columns underneath the carcass to lay her eggs allowing the larvae to locate food after hatching.

Upon maturation of the larvae (approximately 6-8 weeks), females and males will mate. The male will sense odor cues from the female about her fertility. The male will mount the female and begin copulation. Copulation will be ended by the male. Males will tend to mate 6-7 times in their life span. Competition between the males for the female occurs occasionally as well as intra-sexual copulation between males. Males and females are polygamous. [ Colvin, Paul G.R. Elgar, Mark A. Featherson, Rebecca Jones, Theresa M. McNamara, Kathryn B. Mating Frequency, Fecundity and Fertilization Success in Hide Beetle, Dermestes Maculatus. Journal of Insect Behavior. Vol. 19. No. 3. May 2006. ]

There is little known about the life cycle of the Trogidae specifically. Their life cycles are very similar to the other genera of Scarabaeoidea (i.e. Passalidae and Lucanidae). Trogidae are holometabolous and usually have 3-5 instars. After impregnation of the female by the male, the female will lay the eggs and the larvae will hatch after an unknown amount of time. The larvae will usually molt twice growing and maturing until pupation. After pupation, the exoskeleton is finally formed and further growth will cease.

Forensic Importance

Trogidae's use in forensic entomology is unknown at this time. They are scavengers and can be found in carcasses or bird or mammal nests. They typically arrive last in the order of succession and feed on dried feathers, fur, and skin, but could be the first in succession if a body was first burned and charred. After the burned skin is eaten away by the Trogids, the corpse (with now-exposed, "fresher" surfaces) allows for viable colonization by other forensically important insects that help determine accurate PMI estimates. The adults lay their eggs in vertical burrows in the soil beneath carcasses. [ [http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/abrs/fauna/details.pl?pstrVol=SCARABAEOIDEA;pstrTaxa=756;pstrChecklistMode=1 Trogidae] Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Heritage]

Various species of Trogidae have been used by museums to clean up skeletons by eating any remaining dried material left on the skeletons leaving them clean for display. This method of bone-stripping has been used by some museums for many years as it is the most effective method. [Reid, Craig. "Bones Stripped Bare". Australian Geographic; Jan-March2005 Issue 77, p15, 1/4p ]

Current and Future Research

The Chinese have been especially interested in the taxonomy of Trogidae. There is a current study involving advancements at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in efforts to further our knowledge on the classification of this family of beetles. [ GuoDong, Ren and Hou Lin. Advance in taxonomic research of the Trogidae. Entomological Knowledge, 2003 (Vol. 40) (No. 6) 505-508 ]

African Trogidae are being studied through the University of Pretoria on the forensic importance of these beetles, as well as other carrion-associated beetles. Their article discusses how the presence of beetles on carrion effects the infestation of other arthropods in Africa. [ Williams, K.A. and M.H. Villet. A history of South African research relevant to Forensic Entomology. South African Journal of Science 102, January/February 2006. p4. ]

Species

Omorgus

:"Omorgus acinus" Scholtz, 1980 (Tanzania):"Omorgus alternans" (MacLeay, 1827) (Australia):"Omorgus amitinus" Kolbe, 1904 (Kenya):"Omorgus asper" LeConte, 1854 (southern USA, Mexico):"Omorgus asperulatus" Harold, 1872 (Southern Africa):"Omorgus australasiae" (Erichson, 1842) (Australia):"Omorgus baccatus" Gerstaecker, 1867 (Kenya, Tanzania):"Omorgus badeni" (Harold, 1872) (Brazil, Colombia):"Omorgus batesi" (Harold, 1872) (Argentina, Brazil):"Omorgus birmanicus" Arrow, 1927 (Southeast Asia):"Omorgus borgognoi" Marchand, 1902 (Mauretania, Mali, Chad):"Omorgus borrei" (Harold, 1872) (Uruguay, Argentina):"Omorgus brucki" Harold, 1872 (Australia):"Omorgus candezei" Harold, 1872 (Argentina):"Omorgus capillaceus" Scholtz, 1990 (Colombia):"Omorgus carinatus" Loomis, 1922 (Southern USA to Mexico):"Omorgus ciliatus" (Blanchard, 1846):"Omorgus consanguineus" Peringuey, 1901 (DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Namibia):"Omorgus costatus" (Wiedemann, 1823) (Australia to India and China):"Omorgus crotchi" Harold, 1871 (Australia):"Omorgus denticulatus" (Olivier, 1789) (Africa):"Omorgus desertorum" Harold, 1872 (Madagascar, Egypt, Arabia):"Omorgus discedens" Haaf, 1954 (Somalia, Tanzania):"Omorgus elevatus" Harold, 1872 (Angola, Namibia):"Omorgus endroedyi" Scholtz, 1979 (Namibia, Angola):"Omorgus expansus" Arrow, 1900 (Somalia):"Omorgus eyrensis" Blackburn, 1904 (Australia):"Omorgus foveolatus" Boheman, 1860 (Madagascar, Namibia):"Omorgus freyi" Haaf, 1954 (Southern Africa):"Omorgus fuliginosus" Robinson, 1941 (Costa Rica to Texas):"Omorgus funestus" Lansberge, 1886 (Angola):"Omorgus gemmatus" (Olivier, 1789) (Africa, Arabia):"Omorgus glaber" Scholtz, 1980 (Tanzania) (= "Afromorgus lindemannae"):"Omorgus granulatus" (Herbst, 1783) (India, Sri Lanka):"Omorgus guttalis" Haaf, 1954 (Africa):"Omorgus inclusus" Walker, 1858 (Sri Lanka to China):"Omorgus indicus" Harold, 1872 (India, Thailand, China):"Omorgus indigenus" Scholtz, 1990 (Galapagos:Española Island):"Omorgus inflatus" Loomis, 1922 (Arizona, Texas, Mexico):"Omorgus insignicollis" Blackburn, 1896 (Australia):"Omorgus insignis" Haaf, 1954 (Namibia, Angola):"Omorgus italicus" Reiche, 1853 (Italy, India, China):"Omorgus litigiosus" :"Omorgus lobicollis" Arrow, 1927 (southern Burma):"Omorgus loxus" Vaurie, 1955 (Brazil to Mexico):"Omorgus lugubris" Haaf, 1954 (Kenya, Tanzania):"Omorgus melancholicus" (Fahraeus, 1857) (Madagascar, Africa):"Omorgus mentitor" Blackburn, 1896 (Australia):"Omorgus mictlensis" Deloya, 1995 (Mexico):"Omorgus mollis" Arrow, 1927 (Indonesia, Malaysia):"Omorgus monachus" (Herbst, 1790) (Mexico, Southern USA):"Omorgus mutabilis" Haaf, 1954 (Africa):"Omorgus nanningensis" Pittino, 2005 (China):"Omorgus niloticus" Harold, 1872 (Africa):"Omorgus nocheles" Scholtz, 1990 (Argentina):"Omorgus nodicollis" Macleay, 1888 (Western Australia):"Omorgus nodosus" (Robinson, 1940) (Texas):"Omorgus nomadicus" Scholtz, 1980 (Saudi Arabia):"Omorgus obesus" Scholtz, 1980 (Africa):"Omorgus omacanthus" Harold, 1872 (India):"Omorgus pauliani" Haaf, 1954 (Laos, Vietnam):"Omorgus persuberosus" Vaurie, 1962 (South America):"Omorgus peruanus" Erichson, 1847 (South America) (="Polynoncus peruanus"):"Omorgus ponderosus" Peringuey, 1901 (Africa):"Omorgus principalis" Haaf, 1954 (Africa):"Omorgus procerus" Harold, 1872 (Africa, Arabia):"Omorgus punctatus" (Germar, 1824) (Mexico to Southern USA):"Omorgus quadridens":"Omorgus radula" (Erichson, 1843) (Africa):"Omorgus rodriguezae Deloya, 2005 (Mexico):"Omorgus rubricans" (Robinson, 1946) (Texas, Mexico):"Omorgus rusticus" Fahraeus, 1857 (Africa):"Omorgus scabrosus" (Palisot de Beauvois, 1818) (Canada to southern USA):"Omorgus scutellaris" (Say, 1823) (Southern USA to Mexico):"Omorgus senegalensis" Scholtz, 1983 (Senegal):"Omorgus spatulatus" Vaurie, 1962 (Argentina):"Omorgus squalidus" (Africa, Madagascar, Saudi Arabia):"Omorgus squamosus":"Omorgus stellatus":"Omorgus subcarinatus" (MacLeay, 1864) (Australia, New Guinea):"Omorgus suberosus" (Fabricius, 1775) (Spain, southern USA to South America, Australia):"Omorgus tessellatus" LeConte, 1854 (Mexico):"Omorgus testudo" Arrow, 1927 (southern Burma):"Omorgus texanus" LeConte, 1854 (Texas):"Omorgus tomentosus" (Robinson, 1941) (Mexico):"Omorgus tuberosus" Klug, 1855 (Africa):"Omorgus tytus" (Robinson, 1941) (USA):"Omorgus umbonatus" LeConte, 1854 (Texas):"Omorgus unguicularis" Haaf, 1954 (Africa):"Omorgus varicosus" (Erichson, 1843) (Angola):"Omorgus villosus":"Omorgus wittei" Haaf, 1955 (Africa):"Omorgus zumpti" Haaf, 1957 (Africa)

Phoberus

:"Phoberus capensis" (Scholtz)

Polynoncus

:"Polynoncus aeger" (Guerin-Meneville, 1844) (South America):"Polynoncus aricensis" (Gutierrez, 1950) (South America):"Polynoncus bifurcatus" (Vaurie, 1962) (South America):"Polynoncus brasiliensis" (Vaurie, 1962) (South America):"Polynoncus brevicollis" (Eschscholtz, 1822) (South America):"Polynoncus bullatus" (Curtis, 1845) (Chile, Argentina):"Polynoncus burmeisteri" Pittino, 1987 (Argentina):"Polynoncus chilensis" (Harold, 1872) (Chile, Argentina):"Polynoncus diffluens" (Vaurie, 1962) (Chile):"Polynoncus ecuadorensis" Vaurie, 1962 (Ecuador):"Polynoncus erugatus" Scholtz, 1990 (Argentina):"Polynoncus galapagoensis" (Van Dyke, 1953) (Galapagos Islands):"Polynoncus gemmifer" (Blanchard, 1846) (South America):"Polynoncus gemmingeri" (Harold, 1872) (Panama to Argentina):"Polynoncus gibberosus" Scholtz, 1990 (Chile):"Polynoncus gordoni" (Steiner, 1981) (Peru):"Polynoncus guttifer" (Harold, 1868) (South America):"Polynoncus haafi" Vaurie, 1962 (Argentina):"Polynoncus hemisphaericus" (Burmeister, 1876) (Argentina, Chile):"Polynoncus juglans" (Ratcliffe, 1978) (Brazil, Guyana):"Polynoncus longitarsis" (Harold, 1872) (Argentina, Chile):"Polynoncus mirabilis" Pittino, 1987 (Chile, Argentina):"Polynoncus neuquen" (Vaurie, 1962) (Chile, Argentina):"Polynoncus parafurcatus" (Pittino, 1987) (Argentina, Brazil):"Polynoncus patagonicus" (Blanchard, 1846) (Argentina):"Polynoncus patriciae" Pittino, 1987 (Argentina, Uruguay):"Polynoncus pedestris" (Harold, 1872) (Argentina):"Polynoncus peruanus" (Erichson, 1847) (South America):"Polynoncus pilularius" (Germar, 1824) (South America):"Polynoncus sallei" (Harold, 1872) (Madagascar?, Ecuador, Peru):"Polynoncus seymourensis" (Mutchler, 1925) (Galapagos Islands):"Polynoncus tenebrosus" (Harold, 1872) (Ecuador)

Trox

:"Trox acanthinus" Harold, 1872 (Mexico):"Trox aculeatus" Harold, 1872 (South Africa):"Trox aequalis" Say, 1831 (Canada to Mexico):"Trox affinis" Robinson, 1940 (USA):"Trox alatus" Macleay, 1888 (Australia):"Trox alius" Scholtz, 1986 (Western Australia):"Trox amictus" Haaf, 1954 (Australia):"Trox antiquus" Wickham, 1909 (fossil:oligocene, Florissant, USA):"Trox aphanocephalus" Scholtz, 1986 (Australia):"Trox arcuatus" Haaf, 1953 (South Africa):"Trox atrox" LeConte, 1854 (USA):"Trox augustae" Blackburn, 1892 (Australia):"Trox boucomonti" Paulian, 1933 (China, Vietnam):"Trox braacki" Scholtz, 1980 (South Africa):"Trox brahminus" Pittino, 1985 (India to Vietnam):"Trox brincki" Haaf, 1958 (Lesotho):"Trox cadaverinus" Illiger, 1801 (Europe to China):"Trox caffer" Harold, 1872 (South Africa):"Trox cambeforti" Pittino, 1985 (China):"Trox cambodjanus" Pittino, 1985 (Cambodia, Laos):"Trox candidus" Harold, 1872 (Australia):"Trox capensis" Scholtz, 1979 (South Africa):"Trox capillaris" Say, 1823 (Canada to southern USA):"Trox carinicollis" Scholtz, 1986 (Western Australia):"Trox ciliatus" Blanchard, 1846 (Argentina, Bolivia):"Trox clathratus" (Reiche, 1861) (Corsica):"Trox conjunctus" Petrovitz, 1975 (China):"Trox consimilis" Haaf, 1953 (Southern Africa):"Trox contractus" Robinson, 1940 (Texas):"Trox coracinus" Gmelin, 1788 (unknown distribution):"Trox cotodognanensis" Compte, 1986 (Spain):"Trox cribrum" Gené, 1836 (France, Sardinia):"Trox cricetulus" Ádám, 1994 (Croatia, Spain):"Trox curvipes" Harold, 1872 (Australia):"Trox cyrtus" Haaf, 1953 (South Africa):"Trox demarzi" Haaf, 1958 (Australia):"Trox dhaulagiri" Paulus, 1972 (Nepal):"Trox dilaticollis" Macleay, 1888 (Australia):"Trox dohrni" Harold, 1871 (Western Australia):"Trox doiinthanonensis" Masumoto, 1996 (Thailand):"Trox elderi" Blackburn, 1892 (South Australia):"Trox elongatus" Haaf, 1954 (Northern Australia):"Trox erinaceus" LeConte, 1854 (South Carolina):"Trox euclensis" Blackburn, 1892 (Australia):"Trox eversmanni" Krynicky, 1832 (Central Europe to Siberia):"Trox fabricii" Reiche, 1853 (Spain, Sicily to Northern Africa):"Trox fascicularis" Wiedemann, 1821 (Southern Africa):"Trox fascifer" LeConte, 1854 (California):"Trox floridanus" Howden & Vaurie, 1957 (Florida):"Trox formosanus" Nomura, 1973 (Taiwan):"Trox foveicollis" Harold, 1857 (USA):"Trox frontera" Vaurie, 1955 (Texas):"Trox gansuensis" Ren, 2003 (China):"Trox gemmulatus" Horn, 1874 (California):"Trox gigas" Harold, 1872 (Australia):"Trox gonoderus" Fairmaire, 1901 (Madagascar):"Trox granuliceps" Haaf, 1954 (Australia):"Trox granulipennis" Fairmaire, 1852 (Northern Africa to Spain and Middle East):"Trox gunki" Scholtz, 1980 (South Africa):"Trox hamatus" Robinson, 1940 (USA):"Trox hispidus" (Pontoppidan, 1763) (Europe):"Trox horridus" Fabricius, 1775 (South Africa):"Trox howdenorum" Scholtz, 1986 (Western Australia):"Trox howelli" Howden & Vaurie, 1957 (Florida, Texas):"Trox ineptus" Balthasar, 1931 (Transbaikal):"Trox insularis" Chevrolat, 1864 (Southern USA, Cuba):"Trox kerleyi" Masumoto, 1996 (Thailand):"Trox kiuchii" Masumoto, 1996 (Thailand):"Trox klapperichi" Pittino, 1983 (Turkey to Saudi Arabia, Middle East):"Trox kyotensis" Ochi & Kawahara, 2000 (Japan):"Trox lama" Pittino, 1985 (Tibet):"Trox laticollis" LeConte, 1854 (New York):"Trox leonardii" Pittino, 1983 (Spain to North Africa, Israel):"Trox levis" Haaf, 1953 (South Africa):"Trox litoralis" Pittino, 1991 (South Europe: Italy to Greece):"Trox luridus" Fabricius, 1781 (Southern Africa):"Trox lutosus" Marsham, 1802 (Great Britain):"Trox mandli" Balthasar, 1931 (Transbaikal):"Trox mariae" Scholtz, 1986 (Western Australia):"Trox mariettae" Scholtz, 1986 (North Australia):"Trox marshalli" Haaf, 1957 (Australia):"Trox martini" (Reitter, 1892) (North Africa):"Trox matsudai" Ochi & Hori, 1999 (Japan):"Trox maurus" Herbst, 1790 (unknown distribution):"Trox montanus" Kolbe, 1891 (Africa):"Trox monteithi" Scholtz, 1986 (Australia):"Trox morticinii" Pallas, 1781 (Central Asia):"Trox mutsuensis" Nomura, 1937 (Japan):"Trox nama" Kolbe, 1908 (Southern Africa):"Trox nanniscus" Peringuey, 1901 (South Africa):"Trox nasutus" Harold, 1872 (South Africa):"Trox natalensis" Haaf, 1954 (South Africa):"Trox necopinus" Scholtz, 1986 (Zambia):"Trox niger" Rossi, 1792:"Trox nigrociliatus" Kolbe, 1904 (Ethiopia):"Trox nigroscobinus" Scholtz, 1986 (Western Australia):"Trox niponensis" Lewis, 1895 (Japan):"Trox nodulosus" Harold, 1872 (Sardinia, Corsica):"Trox nohirai" Nakane, 1954 (Japan):"Trox novaecaledoniae" Balthasar, 1966 (New Caledonia):"Trox opacotuberculatus" Motschulsky, 1860 (Japan, Taiwan):"Trox oustaleti" Scudder, 1879 (fossil: eocene; Nine-mile Creek, British Columbia):"Trox ovalis" Haaf, 1957 (North Australia):"Trox pampeanus" Burmeister, 1876 (Argentina):"Trox parvicollis" Scholtz, 1986 (North Australia):"Trox pastillarius" Blanchard, 1846 (South America):"Trox pellosomus" Scholtz, 1986 (Australia):"Trox penicillatus" Fahraeus, 1857 (South Africa):"Trox perhispidus" Blackburn, 1904 (Australia):"Trox perlatus" Geoffroy, 1762 (Great Britain to Spain and Italy):"Trox perrieri" Fairmaire, 1899 (Madagascar):"Trox perrisii" Fairmaire, 1868 (Europe, North Africa):"Trox placosalinus" Ren, 2003 (China):"Trox planicollis" Haaf, 1953 (Southern Africa):"Trox plicatus" Robinson, 1940 (Southern USA):"Trox poringensis" Ochi, Kon & Kawahara, 2005 (Borneo, Java):"Trox puncticollis" Haaf, 1953 (Saudi Arabia):"Trox pusillus" Peringuey, 1908 (Africa):"Trox quadridens" Blackburn, 1892 (Australia):"Trox quadrimaculatus" Ballion, 1870 ((Turkestan):"Trox quadrinodosus" Haaf, 1954 (Australia):"Trox regalis" Haaf, 1954 (Australia):"Trox rhyparoides" (Harold, 1872) (Africa):"Trox rimulosus" Haaf, 1957 (India):"Trox robinsoni" Vaurie, 1955 (Canada to Texas):"Trox rotundulus" Haaf, 1957 (Australia):"Trox rudebecki" Haaf, 1958 (South Africa):"Trox sabulosus" (Linnaeus, 1758) (Great Britain to Siberia):"Trox salebrosus" Macleay, 1872 (Australia):"Trox scaber" (Linnaeus, 1767) (Holarctic, North Africa, South America, Australia):"Trox semicostatus" Macleay, 1872 (Australia):"Trox setifer" Waterhouse, 1875 (Japan):"Trox setosipennis" Blackburn, 1904 (Australia):"Trox sonorae" LeConte, 1854 (Canada to New Mexico):"Trox sordidatus" Balthasar, 1936 (Southeastern Europe):"Trox sordidus" LeConte, 1854 (Canada to Texas):"Trox spinulosus" Robinson, 1940 (USA):"Trox squamiger" Roth, 1851 (Africa, Arabia):"Trox squamosus" Macleay, 1872 (Australia, New Guinea):"Trox stellatus" Harold, 1872 (Western Australia):"Trox strandi" Balthasar, 1936 (Algeria):"Trox striatus" Melsheimer, 1846 (USA):"Trox strigosus" Haaf, 1953 (South Africa):"Trox strzeleckensis" Blackburn, 1895 (Australia):"Trox sugayai" Masumoto & Kiuchi, 1995 (Japan):"Trox sulcatus" Thunberg, 1787 (Southern Africa):"Trox taiwanus" Masumoto, Ochi & Li, 2005 (Taiwan):"Trox talpa" Fahraeus, 1857 (South Africa):"Trox tasmanicus" Blackburn, 1904 (Tasmania):"Trox tatei" Blackburn, 1892 (Australia):"Trox terrestris" Say, 1825 (USA):"Trox tibialis" Masumoto, Ochi & Li, 2005 (Taiwan):"Trox torpidus" Harold, 1872 (Central America):"Trox transversus" Reiche, 1856 (Greece, Syria, Turkey):"Trox trilobus" Haaf, 1954 (Australia, New Guinea):"Trox tuberculatus" (De Geer, 1774) (USA):"Trox uenoi" Nomura, 1961 (Japan):"Trox unistriatus" Palisot de Beauvois, 1818 (Canada to Texas):"Trox variolatus" Melsheimer, 1846 (Canada to Mexico):"Trox villosus" Haaf, 1954 (Australia):"Trox yamayai" Nakane, 1983 (Japan):"Trox yangi" Masumoto, Ochi & Li, 2005 (Taiwan):"Trox zoufali" Balthasar, 1931 (Taiwan)

References

External links

* [http://kawamo.co.jp/shinya/wtd.htm World Trogidae Directory] Naked list and picture by coleopterist Shinya Kawai
* [http://www.unl.edu/museum/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/Trogidae/Trogidae-Overview/TrogidaeO.html Guide to New World Scarab Beetles - Trogidae] from University of Nebraska State Museum - Division of Entomology
* http://bugguide.net/node/view/5824
* http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/coleoptera_families/trogidae.html