Waved Albatross

Waved Albatross
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Procellariiformes
Family:	Diomedeidae
Genus:	Phoebastria
Species:	P. irrorata
Binomial name
Phoebastria irrorata (Salvin, 1883)[2]
Synonyms
Diomedea irrorata[3]

The Waved Albatross, Phoebastria irrorata - also known as Galapagos Albatross^[4] - is the only member of the Diomedeidae family located in the tropics. When they forage, the Waved Albatross follow straight paths to a single site off the coast of Peru, about 1,000 km (620 mi) distant to the east. During the non-breeding season, these birds reside primarily in the areas of the Ecuador and Peruvian coasts.

Taxonomy

Waved Albatrosses are a type of Albatross that belong to Diomedeidae family and come from the Procellariiformes order, along with Shearwaters, Fulmars, Storm-petrels, and Diving-petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns, although the nostrils of the Albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between 7 and 9 horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.^[5] They also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.^[6]

Etymology

The Waved Albatross derives its name from the wave-like pattern of its feathers on the adult birds.^{[citation needed]}

Description

These are medium-sized albatrosses, measuring about 86–90 cm (34–35 in)^[7] long, weighing in at 3.4 kg (7.5 lb), and having a wingspan 2.25m or 7.4 ft.^{[citation needed]} They are distinctive for their yellowish-cream neck and head, which contrasts with their mostly brownish bodies. Even more distinctive is the very long, bright yellow bill, which looks disproportionately large in comparison to the relatively small head and long, slender neck. They also have chestnut brown upper parts and underparts, except for the breast, with fine barring, a little coarser on the rump. They have brown upper-wings, back, and tail, along with a whitish breast and underwings. Their axillaries are brown. Finally they have blue feet. Juveniles are similar to adults except for more white on their head.^[7] Chicks have brown fluffy feathers. The lifespan of this species may reach 40 to 45 years.

Range

The Waved Albatross breeds primarily on Española Island in the Galápagos archipelago; however, there have been sightings of non-breeders and therefore possible small numbers, around 10 to 20, of breeders on Genovesa Island and Isla de la Plata.^[7][8] During non-breeding season they will shift to the east and southeast to the continental shelf region off the coast of Peru and Ecuador.^[7]

Behavior

Feeding

The primary food sources of the Waved Albatross are fish, squid, and crustaceans. But they have also been observed to scavenge for other food sources, including the regurgitated food of other birds.^[7] When foraging the Waved Albatross finds points in the ocean where prey will be more surfaced; this is the most effective way for the albatross to get its food. The Waved Albatrosses will forage 10–100 km (6.2–62 mi) away from the place where the chicks are nesting to get food for them.

Breeding

Adult and chick

Courtship ritual

The nests are built on areas of lava with boulders and sparse vegetation, or thick brush.^[7] The courtship of the Waved Albatross is a very elusive and spectacular sight to see. It includes: rapid bill circling and bowing, beak clacking, and an upraised bill to make a whoo hoo sound. The eggs are laid between April and June and incubated for two months after that. When the eggs hatch, the chicks stay together in small nurseries while the parents go out to the sea for hunting. When the parents return, they may feed the chicks up to 2 kg (4.4 lb) of oil. The young reach adult size by December and leave the colony by January. The partners remain mates until one of the partners dies.

Flight

Flying

Waved Albatross are spectacular flyers, perhaps even the most famous. They can fly for hours without stalling and they do this by dynamic soaring. The wind speed near the surface of the sea is much lower than about 50 ft (15 m) in the air. The waved albatross uses this to its advantage by gliding at speed into the wind. As the Waved Albatross glides higher it loses most of its ground speed because it is gliding into a wind of a higher speed. However, its air speed does not fall, enabling it to glide continuously. However, Waved Albatrosses do have difficulty taking off and landing due to their huge wings and slender bodies. To make it easier they sometimes take off on cliffs that are more inland and not next to the coast. The problem is when they come in to land they have a high stalling speed, and when they take off it's hard to beat their massive wings.

Conservation

Breeding Population and Trends^[7]

Breeding Location	Breeding Pair	Trend
Isla de la Plata	20 to 40	unknown
Galapagos Islands	34,660	1 to 19% decline over 84 years
Total	34,700	1 to 19% decline over 84 years

The population of Waved Albatrosses on the Galápagos is protected by national park personnel, and the island is also categorized as a World Heritage Site.^[7] But limited range, bycatch by long-line fishing, disturbance via tourism, disease, and the effects of illegal fishing in the nearby waters place them in considerable jeopardy. Especially long-line fishing seems to be making a severe impact on the species, which was uplisted to Vulnerable from Near Threatened by the IUCN in 2000. Despite some 34,700 adult birds still occurring in 2001, their numbers have apparently started to decrease at an unknown rate more recently, probably due to longline fishing which also upsets the sex ratio (males being killed more frequently). As the current situation makes the population highly vulnerable to a catastrophic collapse to extinction, it was uplisted to Endangered status in the 2007 IUCN Red List.^[1]

The population of 34,700 adult birds was based on a 2001 estimate; however in 1970 and 1971 there were an estimated 24,000, and 1994 saw between 31,200 and 36,400. This species has an occurrence range of 1,750,000 km² (680,000 sq mi), and a breeding range of 9 km² (3.5 sq mi).^[7]

Gallery

• 

  Unfledged chick in January

• 

  Abandoned egg

• 

  Illustration by Joseph Smit, 1896

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} "Phoebastria irrorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2010. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/144902. Retrieved 26 June 2011.  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of critically endangered.
2. ^ Brands, S. (2008)
3. ^ BirdLife International (2008)(b)
4. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)
5. ^ Double, M. C. (2003)
6. ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} BirdLife International (2008)(a)
8. ^ Clements, James (2007)

References

• BirdLife International (2008). Phoebastria irrorata. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 22 Feb 2009.
• BirdLife International (2008(a)). "Waved Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3955&m=0#. Retrieved 10 Mar 2009. 
• "The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources." (xls). 2008(b). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/downloads/BirdLife_Checklist_Version_1.zip. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009. ^{[dead link]}
• Brands, Sheila (14 Aug 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Diomedea subg. Phoebastria -". Project: The Taxonomicon. http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/101893.htm. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009. 
• Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9. 
• Darwin Foundation - Albatross
• Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J. et al.. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0 7876 5784 0. 
• Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0 671 65989 8. 
• Remsen Jr., J. V.; et. al (07 Aug 2008). "A classification of the bird species of South America, South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009. 

External links

• Waved Albatross photos at http://mybirdlists.com