Reston ebolavirus

Reston ebolavirus

Taxobox
name = Reston ebolavirus



image_width = 200px
caption = An electron micrograph of an Ebola virus
virus_group = V
ordo = "Mononegavirales"
familia = "Filovirus"
genus = "Ebolavirus"
species = "Reston ebolavirus"

The Reston ebolavirus, also referred to as Asian filovirus, Reston virus, or Ebola Reston—is suspected as either another subtype of the Ebola or a new filovirus of Asian origin, it was discovered in crab-eating macaques from Hazleton Laboratories (now Covance) [#notea| [A] in 1989. This discovery attracted significant media attention and led to the publication of The Hot Zone. Despite its status as a Level-4 organism, the Reston ebolavirus is non-pathogenic to humans and is only mildly fatal to monkeys;cite web
url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/ebolatable.htm
title=Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
accessdate=2008-08-02
author=Special Pathogens Branch CDC
last=
first=
authorlink=
coauthors=
date=2008-01-14
year=
month=
format=
work=
publisher=Center for Disease Control and Prevention
pages=
doi=
archiveurl=
archivedate=
quote=
] ["Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC" (1999), p.300. Quotation: "While it is true that we could take only so much comfort from the fact that the Reston virus was not pathogenic for humans—that it did not make people sick—there was always the threat of yet another strain turning up in monkeys imported from somewhere else, which might prove harmful to humans."] the perception of its lethality was skewed due to the monkey's coinfection with Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV)."Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC" (1999), ppgs.307-309. Quotation: "I [Susan Fisher-Hoch] devised an experiment using crab-eating monkeys from Asian and some green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) from Africa. [...] we tested thirty-two monkeys—sixteen African and sixteen Asian—with two types of filoviruses, African and Asian. The Asian virus we were going to use came from Reston; it had been purified by Peter Jahrling, so that we were all now confident it was free of contamination with SHFV. (We did our own test to confirm that there was no evidence of it.) The results of our experiment were just as we predicted. The African viruses were lethal for nearly all the monkeys. On the other hand, the Asian viruses, while they certainly made the monkeys sick, killed far fewer of them. In addition, the Asian disease was slower and much milder. Most of the monkeys infected with the Asian strain eventually recovered in about a month. Furthermore, the African animals were much more resistant other Asian virus than the Asian monkeys. nearly all of our green monkeys survived."]

History

Discovery

While investigating on an outbreak of Simian hemorrhagic fever (SHFV) on the November of 1989, an electron microscopist from USAMRIID discovered filoviruses similar in appearance to Ebola in tissue samples taken from Crab-eating Macaque imported from the Philippines to Hazleton Labortories Reston, Virginia. The filovirus was futher isolated by Dr. Peter B. Jahrling, and over the period of three months over one—third of the monkeys died—at a normal rate two or three a day. ["Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC" (1999), ppgs.277-279.]

Blood samples were taken from 178 animal handlers during the incident.cite web
url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/ebor.html
title=Ebola Reston Outbreak Standford Honors Thesis
accessdate=2008-08-02
author=
last=Waterman
first=Tara
authorlink=
coauthors=
date=
year=1999
month=
format=
work=
publisher=Stanford University
pages=
language=
doi=
archiveurl=
archivedate=
quote=
] Of them, six eventually became seroconverted [At the onset of infect the body does not produce detectable amounts of antigen within the Blood plasma, however this does signify that the patient is free of infection. When the body begins to produce antigen, it becomes "seroconverted".] and tested positive for filovirus antigen utilizing the ELISA test. Although they were infected, they remained asymptomatic. In January 1990, an animal handler at Reston cut himself while performing a necropsy on the liver of a dead and infected monkey. Under the direction of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the animal handler was placed under surveillance for the duration of the incubation period; when the animal handler failed to become ill, it was concluded that the virus had a very low pathogenicity to human. ["Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC" (1999), ppgs.298-299.]

Investigation

Following the discovery of a filovirus in Crab-eating Macaques, an investigation tracing the infection was conducted by the CDC. The monkeys were imported from the Philippines, which had no previous record of SHFV or Ebola infections. It was suspected that the monkeys contracted both diseases while in transit aboard KLM airlines before reaching Reston. Shipments were tracked to Texas and Mexico City, neither of which produced cases of infection."Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC" (1999), ppgs.286-289.] [#noteb| [B]

By January of 1990 Hazelton Laboratories had managed to recover from its previous cases and had begun importing monkeys from the same establishment in Manila that had provided the original animals. The imported monkeys became infected and were euthanized. In early February the CDC received reports of the disease in Alice, Texas. In March the Division of Quarantine at the CDC secured a temporary ban on the importation of monkeys from anywhere in the world. ["Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC" (1999), ppgs.294-295.]

Following the announcement of the Ebola outbreak in Reston, Virginia; a serosurvey was conducted to assess the prevalence of the infection. Of the several hundred monkey specimens received by the CDC, approximately 10 percent showed some reaction to the Ebola virus antigen—though usually at low-levels. [#notec| [C] [#noted| [D] Counterintuitively, the majority of the monkeys found positive were from Indonesia."Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC" (1999), ppgs.302-303.]

In the May of 1990 an investigation led by Susan Fisher-Hoch (CDC Special Pathogens Branch), Steve Ostroff (CDC Division of Bacterial Diseases), and Jerry Jennings (Navy) was sent to Indonesia. During the investigation it was hypothesized that there could be a cross infection since monkeys suspected of illness were typically placed in gang cages containing up to twenty to thirty other monkeys suspected of illness. Upon arrival they were told that most of the monkeys were imported from the island of Sumatra. The investigation team found no trace of the virus in Indonesia. ["Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC" (1999), ppgs.304-305.]

Following the investigation in Indonesia, a test was conducted in the Level-4 lab at the CDC campus in DeKalb County, Georgia with thirty-two monkeys: sixteen Green monkeys ("Cercopithecus aethiops") and sixteen Crab-eating Macaques. Half of the sixteen Green monkeys and Crab-eating Macaques were infected with the Asian filovirus (Reston ebolavirus) and the other half with an African filovirus (Zaire ebolavirus or Sudan ebolavirus). The African filovirus was lethal to nearly all monkeys. However, most of the monkeys infected with the Asian strain recovered in about a month. The surviving monkeys were kept for two years to detect any trace of the virus. None was found, however the monkeys continued to possess a high-level of antigen.

Aftermath

The physical building in which the outbreak occurred was demolished on 30 May, 1995 and a new building constructed in its place. This facility, which is part of an office park, became a Kindercare and is a Mulberry Child Care and preschool center as of 2007.Fact|date=August 2008

Following the test at the CDC campus in DeKalb County, Georgia, two of the monkeys who have survived the Asian filovirus were infected with a very large dose of the Zaire ebolavirus in an effort to produce an Ebola vaccine. One of the monkeys remained protected and did not even have a fever, the second died of Ebola.

The surviving monkeys were euthanized as a precautionary measure.Fact|date=August 2008

Virology

The Reston ebolavirus is suspected as either another strain of the Ebola or a new filovirus of Asian origin. It is non-pathogenic to humans and is only mildly fatal to monkeys.

Popular culture

The Reston ebolavirus is the subject of Richard Preston's best selling non-fiction book, The Hot Zone. It also led to the development of the movie "Outbreak" (1995).

Title of a song by the band Grotus off their album, Mass.

See also

* Ebola
* Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
* Filoviridae
*
* Marburg virus
* Reston, Virginia
* Simian hemorrhagic fever virus
* "The Hot Zone"
* United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

Notes

  1. ^ Hazleton Research Products 1946 Isaac Newton Sq W, Reston, Virginia
  2. ^ Ebola has not been confirmed to spread by airborne means with the expcetion of experiments conducted by USAMRIID and the Soviet Union. Since the Reston virus was believed to either be closely related to ebola, it was inferred that it could not spread by airborne means.
  3. ^ The test, however, was developed for the 1976 Ebola epidemic which responded well in outbreak situations where individuals had or have had a recent infection. Unfortunately, the test conducted following Reston produced potentially ambiguous results with up to two percent false positive.
  4. ^ In an effort to evaluate the original test, Dr. Karl Johnson of the CDC tested San Blas Indians from Central America, it produced about a two percent positive for Ebola antibodies. Other researchers later tested sera from Native Americans in Alaska and found a similar percentage of positive. To combat the false positives a more complex test based on the Elisa system was developed by Tom Kzaisek at the USAMRIID which was later improved by the IFA. It was however not used during the serosurvey following Reston.

References

Citations

Bibliography

* cite book
last=McCormick M.D.
first=Joseph B.
authorlink=Joseph B. McCormick
coauthors=Fisher-Hoch M.D., Susan
editor=
others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan
title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC
origdate=
origyear=1996
origmonth=June
url=
format=
accessdate=2008-08-02
accessyear=
accessmonth=
edition="Updated edition" 3rd
date=
year=1999
month=
publisher=Barnes & Noble
location=
language=
isbn=9780760712085
oclc=
doi=
id=

* cite book
last=Preston
first=Richard
authorlink=Richard Preston
title=The Hot Zone, A Terrifying True Story
origdate=
origyear=1994
origmonth=
url=
format=
accessdate=2008-08-02
edition=
series=
volume=
date=1995-07-20
publisher=Anchor Books (Random House), Sagebrush Education Resources, Tandem Library Books
location=
language=
isbn=0-385-47956-5
oclc=
doi=
id=

External links

* [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/ebolatable.htm Ebola Reston Outbreaks]
* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/ebor.html Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever]


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