Kererū

Taxobox
name = Kererū
status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1
status_ref = [IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=40233|title=Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae|downloaded=9 May 2006 Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is near threatened]

---

image_width = 240px
image_caption = At Nga Manu Reserve, Waikanae
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Columbiformes
familia = Columbidae
genus = "Hemiphaga"
genus_authority = Bonaparte, 1854
species = "H. novaeseelandiae"
binomial = "Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae"
binomial_authority = (Gmelin, 1789)

The kererū or New Zealand Pigeon ("Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae") is a bird endemic to New Zealand. The Māori name is "Kererū" in the South Island and much of the North Island. Other Māori names for the bird are "kūkupa" (in parts of the North Island) and "kūkū" (Northland). New Zealand Pigeons are commonly, incorrectly called "wood pigeons", they are not the same as the Wood Pigeon ("Columba palumbus") which is a member of a different genus.

The kererū belongs to the family Columbidae, and the subfamily Treroninae, which is found throughout Southeast Asia, Malaya, Africa and New Zealand. The members of this subfamily feed largely on fruits, mainly drupes.Falla, R. A., R. B. Sibson, and E. G. Turbott (1979). The new guide to the birds of New Zealand and outlying islands. Collins, Auckland.] New Zealand Pigeons are members of the pigeon genus "Hemiphaga" (Bonaparte, 1854), which is endemic to the New Zealand archipelago and Norfolk Island. However recently a "Hemiphaga" bone was found on Raoul Island. [Worthy, T. H., and R. Brassey. (2000). New Zealand pigeon ("Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae") on Raoul Island, Kermadec Group. "Notornis" 47] The Parea or Chatham Island Pigeon ("Hemiphaga chathamensis") is traditionally considered a subspecies of the Kererū, but is here treated as a separate species.

Description

The New Zealand Pigeon is a large (550 to 850 g) arboreal fruit-pigeon [Clout, M. (1990). The Kereru and its forests. "Birds International" 2:10-19.] found in forests from Northland to Stewart Island, ranging in habitats from coastal to montane. [Clout, M. N., P. D. Gaze, J. R. Hay, and B. J. Karl. (1986) Habitat use and spring movements of New Zealand Pigeons at Lake Rotoroa, Nelson Lakes National Park. "Notornis" 33:37-44.] The general morphology is that of a typical pigeon, in that it has a relatively small head, a straight soft-based bill and loosely attached feathers. It also displays typical pigeon behaviour, which includes drinking by suction, a wing-threat display, hitting with the wing when threatened, a diving display flight, a ‘bowing’ display, ritualised preening and ‘billing’ during courtship. New Zealand Pigeons build flimsy, shallow, twiggy nests and feed crop milk to hatchlings.James, R. E. (1995). Breeding ecology of the New Zealand pigeon at Wenderholm Regional Park. p93. "School of Environmental and Marine Science". University of Auckland, Auckland.]

The New Zealand Pigeon grows to some 51 cm (20 inches) in length and 650 g in weight. The head, throat and wings are generally a shiny green-purple colour, but with a bronze tinge to the feathers. The breast is typically white and the bill red with an orange-ish tip. The feet and eyes are red. Juveniles have a similar colouration but are generally paler with dull colours for the beak, eyes and feet and a shorter tail.

The New Zealand Pigeons make occasional soft "coo" sounds (hence the onomatopoeic names), and their wings make a very distinctive "whooshing" sound as they fly. The bird's flight is also very distinctive. Birds will often ascend slowly before making impressively steep parabolic dives; it is thought that this behaviour is often associated with nesting, or nest failure

Diet

The New Zealand Pigeons are commonly regarded as frugivorous, primarily eating fruits from native trees. They play an important ecological role, as they are the only birds capable of eating the largest native fruits and drupes (those with smallest diameter greater than 1 cm), such as those of the taraire, and thus spreading the seeds intact.Christine Mander, Rod Hay and Ralph Powlesland. (1998) " [http://search.doc.govt.nz/cs.html?charset=utf-8&url=http%3A//www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/docts15.pdf&qt=kereru&col=internet&n=10&la=en Monitoring and management of kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae)] ", Department of Conservation technical series (ISSN 1172-6873), number 15. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. ISBN 047821751X. Accessed 2008-01-13.] While fruit comprises the major part of their diets, the New Zealand Pigeon also browses on leaves and buds, especially nitrogen rich foliage during breeding.One of their favorite leaves to eat is from an introduced plant, the common plum tree. The diet changes seasonally as the availability of fruit changes, and leaves can comprise the major part of the diet at certain times of the year, such as when there is little fruit around. [O'Donnel, C & P. Dilks (1994) "Foods and foraging of forest birds in temperate rainforest, South Westland, New Zealand" "New Zealand Journal of Ecology" 18(2): 87-107. [http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol18_2_87.pdf] ]

Breeding

("Dacrycarpus dacrydioides"). [Clout, M. N., and J. A. V. Tilley. (1992) Germination of miro ("Prumnopitys ferruginea") seeds after consumption by New Zealand pigeons ("Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae"). "New Zealand Journal of Ecology" 30:25-28.] The more tropical tree species are restricted to the warmer northern half of the North Island, and in these regions pigeons can nest all year round, except when moulting between March and May, provided enough fruit is available. Further south many tropical tree species are missing and in these areas breeding usually occurs between October (early spring) and April (late summer/early autumn), again depending on fruit availability.

New Zealand Pigeons nest in trees, laying a single egg, in a flimsy nest constructed of a few twigs thrown together. The egg is incubated for 28 days. The young bird then takes another 36 days to fledge. In seasons of plentiful fruit the pigeons can successfully nest up to four times.

Distribution and conservation

The population of the New Zealand Pigeon declined considerably after the arrival of humans in New Zealand, and this trend continues, especially in the North Island, but is still relatively common in the west of the South Island and in coastal Otago. They are commonly found in native forests (lowlands in particular), scrub, rural and city gardens and parks.

The introduced Australian common brushtail possum ("Trichosurus vulpecula") and introduced species of rats — mainly the ship or black rat ("Rattus rattus") but also the kiore or Polynesian rat ("Rattus exulans") and brown rat ("Rattus norvegicus") — have significantly reduced the amount of fruit available for pigeons and other native birds and also prey on eggs and nestlings.

Pigeon populations are under also threat from hunting, habitat degradation and poor reproductive success. [Clout, M. N., K. Denyer, R. E. James, and I. G. Mcfadden. (1995) Breeding success of New Zealand pigeons ("Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae") in relation to control of introduced mammals. "New Zealand Journal of Ecology":209-212.] [Clout, M. N., B. J. Karl, R. J. Pierce, and H. A. Robertson. (1995) Breeding and survival of New-Zealand pigeons "Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae". "Ibis" 137:264-271.] [Clout, M. N., and A. J. Saunders. (1995) Conservation and ecological restoration in New Zealand. "Pacific Conservation Biology" 2:91-98.] Pigeons were very numerous until about the 1860s and large flocks used to congregate in fruiting trees to feed. [Best, E. (1977). "Forest lore of the Maori". E.C. Keating Government Printer, Wellington, New Zealand.] Restrictions on the shooting of pigeons were enacted as early as 1864, with total protection since 1921, although the enforcement against hunting was not consistent. Some Māori protested, claiming a traditional right to hunt the pigeon. [Feldman, James W. (2001). " [http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/doclibrary/public/wai262/pigeon_poaching/Chapt03.pdf Enforcement, 1922-60] ", chapter 3 " [http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/resources/researchreports/wai262/treatyrights.asp Treaty Rights and Pigeon Poaching: Alienation of Maori Access to Kereru, 1864–1960] ". Waitangi Tribunal, Wellington, New Zealand. ISBN 0-908810-55-5]

Subspecies

As generally accepted, there are three subspecies of New Zealand Pigeon; of these, only two survive: "H. n. novaseelandiae" of mainland New Zealand and "H. n. chathamensis" of the Chatham Islands. The other subspecies, "H. n. spadicea" of Norfolk Island, is now extinct. The subspecies differ in their plumage colour and physical morphology.

In 2001, it was proposed that "H. n. chathamensis", the Parea, was distinct enough to be raised to full species status, "H. chathamensis", instead of the traditional subspecies status, "H. n. chathamensis". [Millener, P. R., and R. G. Powlesland. (2001). The Chatham Island pigeon (Parea) deserves full species status; "Hemiphaga chathamensis" (Rothschild 1891); Aves: Columbidae. "Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand" 31:365-383.] Few authorities outside New Zealand have followed this, with most still considering it a subspecies. [Clements, J. (2007). "The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World." Edition 6. Christopher Helm. ISBN 9780713686951] [Dickinson, E. (2003). "The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World." Edition 3. Christopher Helm. ISBN 0713665362]

See also

* List of New Zealand birds

Cited references

Other sources

* Robertson, Hugh, and Barrie Heather. 1999. The Hand Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Penguin Books. ISBN 019850831X
* Dijkgraaf, Astrid Cora. 2002. [http://hdl.handle.net/2292/605 Phenology and frugivory of large-fruited species in northern New Zealand and the impacts of introduced mammals] . PhD Thesis, School of Biological Sciences. University of Auckland, Auckland.

External links

* [http://www.doc.govt.nz/templates/podcover.aspx?id=32940 Wood pigeon/kereru: New Zealand Native land birds] from the Department of Conservation
* [http://www.kererudiscovery.org.nz The Kereru Discovery Project] , a programme for New Zealanders to help arrest the decline of the species through awareness and action in their own gardens.
* http://www.nzbirds.com/birds/kereru.html