M. A. R. Barker

Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman Barker
Born	Phillip Barker November 3, 1929(1929-11-03) Spokane, Washington, United States[1]
Occupation	Linguist, Game designer, Author
Nationality	United States
Period	1949–present
Genres	Linguistics, Role-playing games, Fantasy, Science Fantasy

Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman Barker (born November 3, 1929 as Phillip Barker^[2]) is a retired professor of Urdu and South Asian Studies who created one of the first roleplaying games, Empire of the Petal Throne, and has authored several fantasy/science fantasy novels based in his associated world setting of Tékumel.

Early life

Born in Spokane, Washington, descended from ancestors who had originally settled in America in 1626, Barker's childhood was spent around Washington and Idaho.^[1] As a youth he had an interest in "fairy stories, history and literature" which would be further influenced by such films as The Thief of Bagdad; all of which helped to turn his casual "wargames" with toy soldiers more towards fantasy. From this his fictional lands of Tsolyanu and others, in what was later to become Tékumel, emerged and were embellished further in middle and high school years during which time he commenced construction of armies of hand-carved figures to represent his creations. Also at an early age, Barker's interest in languages was piqued by neighboring children of Basque origin who were able to exclude others from their secret conversations in their native tongue.^[3][4]

Academic life and creative networking

In, and just before 1950, while Barker was studying at the University of Washington under Melville Jacobs, he became involved with small press publications, writing articles, short stories and contributing reviews to Fanscient and the local clubzine Sinisterra;^[5] the latter of which contained his review of, and content from, Jack Vance relating to his recently published book, The Dying Earth.^[6][7][8][9] Also at this time, Barker corresponded with other authors who contributed to those same publications, including Lin Carter in whose writings and linguistic experiments^[10] he took an interest and with whom he finally put to paper the story line of his own created world.^[11][12][13]

He received a Fulbright Scholarship in 1951 to study Indian languages and on his first trip to India that year converted to Islam; "for purely theological reasons. It seemed like a more logical religion", according to Fine,^[14] although Barker himself admitted at the time to an "[unimaginable] feeling of awe and religious ecstasy" upon hearing the recitations of the 99 Names of Allah at the Taj Mahal.^[15]

Later Academic studies and career

Barker attended the University of California, Berkeley for graduate studies, writing a dissertation on Klamath language, collecting traditional myths, legends, tales, and oral histories and later publishing a grammar and dictionary on the language.^[16][17]

He taught at the Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University from around 1958/9 until 1972 and became active in the development of Urdu and Baluchi instruction materials for English-speaking students following a period of two years from 1960 when he was attached to Panjab University.^[18] Some of these are still recommended university course study materials as of 2010.^[19] From 1972 he moved to teach at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, where he chaired the Department of South Asian studies until his retirement in the early 1990s, a few years after that department was disbanded due to reduced funding.^[20]

"The forgotten Tolkien"

Whilst at Berkeley, Barker had not set aside his world creation project. Indeed, despite stepping back somewhat from an active role in the published science fiction/fantasy fandom,^[21] he had commenced "proto-gaming" with a group of like-minded science fiction fans including fellow linguist Bill Shipley^[22][23] and Victor Golla, producing elaborate documents to support the exploration of that shared world.^[24][25]

Having watched the Dungeons & Dragons games started by Mike Mornard, one of the original testers for D&D, when he moved to Minneapolis from Lake Geneva, Barker resolved to create his own ruleset based on his own created world and the game mechanics from D&D. After six weeks, this was self-published in August 1974 as Empire of the Petal Throne and play commenced forthwith, including such occasional members as Dave Arneson - who singled-out Barker and Tekumel as being his favorite GM and roleplaying game, respectively - from early days.^{[26][27][28][29]}

Once Gary Gygax's attention had been drawn to Barker's work, it was decided that TSR would publish a revised version of the game mechanics along with a condensed version of his campaign setting. Gygax drew comparisons between the world of Tékumel and J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth not in terms of literature created, nor that his work was derivative of Tolkien's (being well-advanced by the time The Lord of the Rings was released), but rather regarding the in-depth detail in the setting, mythos and linguistic backgrounds and concluded that Barker's work had the edge over Tolkien's in terms of matters relating to gamers since it had been developed by a "wargamer", whereas Tolkien had no such background and having died prior to the release of D&D was thus unable to address this new pastime personally.^[4][30]

Despite having had a head start on other in-depth campaign settings and seeing his game released no less than four times with various supplements and magazine articles, many which he contributed to, and having authored five books using the same setting, Barker's Tékumel in both roleplaying and literary domains is still well known to only a relatively small audience, leading German magazine Der Spiegel in 2009 to publish an article on Barker's life entitled "Der vergessene Tolkien" ["The forgotten Tolkien"]. The article quotes friends and acquaintances who posit that this may be, at least in part, due to the unfamiliarity of the setting^[31] compared with Western society, echoing Fine's observations from 1983, and possibly even that Tékumel was released to the gaming world too early on, when players had only just started to experiment with their own invented worlds rather than fitting their play into pre-configured, non-literary domains with novel backgrounds.^[14][27]

In 2008, Barker founded the Tékumel Foundation along with many of his long-time players, to preserve and manage rights relating to his creations in future.^[27]

He and his wife, Ambereen, currently reside in Minneapolis.

Partial bibliography

Language Texts

Barker studied various languages academically and helped author and co-author various publications relating to some of those, including the following:

Published by the University of California Press:

• Klamath Texts (1963)
• Klamath Dictionary (1963)
• Klamath Grammar (1964)

Published by the McGill University Institute of Islamic Studies:

• A Course in Urdu (1967)
• An Urdu Newspaper Reader (1968)
• A Reader of Modern Urdu Poetry (1968)
• A Course in Baluchi (1969)

Roleplaying

Tékumel has spawned four professionally-published roleplaying games over the course of the years:

• Empire of the Petal Throne (1975) as a boxed set by TSR, Inc.^[30] following earlier self-publication in 1974,^[27] and reprinted later as a single book by Different Worlds Publications in 1987.^[32]
• Swords & Glory (1983/4) in two volumes by Gamescience.^[33]
• Gardasiyal: Adventures in Tekumel (1994) by Theater of the Mind Enterprises; with Neil R. Cauley.^[34]
• Tekumel: Empire of the Petal Throne (2005) by Guardians of Order; by various, with M.A.R. Barker.^[35]

Novels

Barker has written five novels set in the world of Tékumel - in chronological reading order these are:

1. The Man of Gold (1984)
2. Flamesong (1985)
3. Lords of Tsámra (2003)
4. Prince of Skulls (2002)
5. A Death of Kings (2003)

Notes and references

1. ^ ^{a b c} Barker, M.A.R. (2005-04-07). "Family Background note by M.A.R. Barker". http://games.groups.yahoo.com/group/tekumel/message/18608. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
2. ^ Although his birth name is Phillip and is known as "Phil" to his friends, Barker is not the "Phil Barker" who wrote several ancient-period miniatures games, although he is a distant cousin.^[1] Nevertheless, in an interesting coincidence, the miniatures game author Philip Barker became interested in Tékumel and included army lists for various nations of Tékumel in his Hordes of the Things wargame rules.^{[original research?]} He still frequently signs himself as "Phil" in correspondence. Also, several Tékumel-related works refer to a "Fíru Bá Yéker", a Tsolyáni rendering of his name.
3. ^ Barker, M.A.R. (Winter 1975). "Tsolyani Names Without Tears". Strategic Review (TSR) (4): 7–9. http://www.tekumel.com/downloads/StrategicReviewVol1No4.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Gygax, Gary (December 1976). "Dragon Rumbles (Editorial)". The Dragon (TSR) (4): 3. 
5. ^ Barker's world, later known as Tékumel, was placed as the fourth planet in the Sinistra system.
6. ^ Barker, Phillip (Fall 1949). "Egyptian Mythology in Fantastic Literature". Fanscient (Portland, OR: Donald B. Day) (9): 41–44. http://sffrd.library.tamu.edu/browse/63660/. 
7. ^ Barker, Phillip (Spring 1950). "The Language Problem". Fanscient (Portland, OR: Donald B. Day) (11): 28–30. http://www.fanac.org/fanzines/Fanscient/Fanscient11-28.html. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
8. ^ Barker, Phillip (Summer 1950). "-and the STRONG Shall INHERIT". Fanscient (Portland, OR: Donald. B. Day) (12): 28–31. http://www.fanac.org/fanzines/Fanscient/Fanscient12-28.html. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
9. ^ Barker, Phillip (Winter 1950). "An Appreciation of The Dying Earth (with a letter from Jack Vance)". Sinisterra (Seattle, WA: The Nameless Ones. (Gertrude Carr and Richard Frahm)) (4): 21–23. 
10. ^ Carter, Lin ([n.d.] 1949/50). The Tursai os Llani Alphabet and some remarks on Grammar. St. Petersburg, FL. 
11. ^ http://www.tekumel.com/tektalesTPT.html
12. ^ Barker, Phillip (1950). A History of the Nations of the Universe. Seattle. pp. 1–7. 
13. ^ Barker, Phillip ([n.d.] 1950). Remarks Upon the Ts Solyani (by Messìliu Badàrian). Seattle. pp. 1–15. 
14. ^ ^{a b} Fine, Gary (1983). Shared Fantasy: Role Playing Games As Social Worlds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226249441. 
15. ^ Barker, Phillip (1951). "A Letter from Phil Barker/"India Barks"". Sinisterra (Seattle, WA: The Nameless Ones. (Gertrude Carr and Richard Frahm)) 2 (1): 14–25. 
16. ^ Barker, M.A.R. (1963). Klamath Texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics (No. 30). Berkeley: University of California. pp. 7–117.  (21 Klamath myths collected in 1955-1957)
17. ^ http://www.language-archives.org/language/kla
18. ^ Rehman, Mumtazul Haque. "The Story of Indo-Pakistani Muslim Community in Montreal, Quebec". http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2260612/The-Story-of-Indo-Pakistani-Muslim-Community-in-Montreal-Quebec. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
19. ^ Pritchett, Frances. "Readings in Urdu Literature (Spring 2010 Syllabus)". Columba University. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/readings_course.html. Retrieved 2009-10-14. 
20. ^ http://voices.cla.umn.edu/artistpages/junghareIndira.php
21. ^ Raymond, Victor ((c) 1994). "A Brief History of Roleplaying Games". http://www.darkshire.net/~jhkim/rpg/whatis/history/earlyhistory.html. Retrieved 2009-10-14. 
22. ^ http://games.groups.yahoo.com/group/tekumel/message/16441
23. ^ Lamb, Sydney M.; Webster, Jonathan (2004). Language and Reality (Open Linguistics). London & New York: Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd.. pp. 23. ISBN 0826468209. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vrlPUxB2_JwC. 
24. ^ http://games.groups.yahoo.com/group/tekumel/message/24318
25. ^ Barker, M.A.R. (December 1976). "Land grant to the Shipali Family of the Protectorate of Kerunan (Cover)". The Dragon (TSR) (4): 1. 
26. ^ http://games.groups.yahoo.com/group/tekumel/message/24299
27. ^ ^{a b c d} Lischka, Konrad (2009-10-06). "Der vergessene Tolkien [The Forgotten Tolkien"]. Der Spiegel. http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/spielzeug/0,1518,649336,00.html. Retrieved 2009-10-13.  (English translation)
28. ^ Raymond, Victor (2009-04-11). "Dave Arneson and Tekumel". http://sandboxofdoom.blogspot.com/2009/04/dave-arneson-and-tekumel.html. Retrieved 2009-10-13. 
29. ^ "Interview with Dave Arneson". Fight On! (Ignatius Umlaut) (2): 63–64. Summer 2008. 
30. ^ ^{a b} Barker, M.A.R. (1975). Empire of the Petal Throne. Lake Geneva, Wisconsin: TSR. ASIN B000G9WH5Q. 
31. ^ Brady, Patrick (Spring 1995). "You’re not in Kansas anymore". The Eye of All-Seeing Wonder (Dave Morris) (4): 3. http://www.tekumel.com/eoasw4_02.html. Retrieved 2009-10-14. 
32. ^ http://www.tekumel.com/gaming_rulesEPT.html
33. ^ http://www.tekumel.com/gaming_rulesSAG.html
34. ^ http://www.tekumel.com/gaming_rulesG.html
35. ^ http://www.tekumel.com/gaming_rulesTEPT.html

External links

• Official Tékumel website
• Brett Slocum's Tékumel Site
• Tékumel Discussion Group - participants include Prof. Barker and regular players in his "Thursday Night Group"
• M. A. R. Barker at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Bibliography on SciFan
• Bibliography on SFBookcase.com

Persondata
Name	Barker, M. A. R.
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1929-11-03
Place of birth	Spokane, Washington, United States
Date of death
Place of death