Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope

Infobox Military Person
name=The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope
honorific-suffix = 1st Viscount of Hyndhope, Bt, KT, GCB, OM, DSO
born= Birth date|1883|1|7|df=yes
died= death date and age|1963|6|12|1883|1|7|df=yes


caption=Admiral of the Fleet Sir Andrew Cunningham
nickname="ABC"
placeofbirth= Dublin, Ireland
placeofdeath= London, United Kingdom
allegiance= flagicon|United Kingdom United Kingdom
branch=
serviceyears=1897 to 1946
rank=Admiral of the Fleet
unit=
commands=|commands=HMS "Scorpion" HMS "Rodney" Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean First Sea Lord
battles=Second Boer War First World War - Dardanelles - Raids on Zeebrugge Baltics Second World War - Attack on Taranto - Battle of Cape Matapan - Operation Torch
awards=1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope Order of the Thistle Knight Grand Cross of the Bath Order of Merit, Military Division Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars
relations=General Alan Cunningham
laterwork=Lord High Commissioner to General Assembly of Church of Scotland (1950 & 1952) Lord High Steward

Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Browne Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, Bt, KT, GCB, OM, DSO (7 January 1883 – 12 June 1963), older brother of General Sir Alan Cunningham, was a British admiral of the Second World War.

Cunningham was born in Rathmines in the southside of Dublin on 7 January 1883. After starting his schooling in Dublin and Edinburgh, he enrolled at a naval academy, at the age of ten, beginning his association with the Royal Navy. After passing out of Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, in 1898, he progressed rapidly in rank. He commanded a destroyer during the First World War and through most of the interwar period. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and two Bars, for his performance during this time, specifically for his actions in the Dardanelles and in the Baltics.

In the Second World War, as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, Cunningham led British naval forces to victory in several critical Mediterranean naval battles. These included the attack on Taranto in 1940, the first completely all-aircraft naval attack in history,cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.1593|title=Taranto 1940|publisher = Royal Navy|date = 2007-06-13 |accessdate= 2007-06-13] and the Battle of Cape Matapan in 1941. Cunningham controlled the defence of the Mediterranean supply lines through Alexandria, Gibraltar, and the key chokepoint of Malta. The admiral also directed naval support for the various major allied landings in the Western Mediterranean littoral. In 1943, Cunningham was promoted to First Sea Lord, a position he held until his retirement in 1946. After his retirement Cunningham enjoyed several ceremonial positions including Lord High Steward at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. He died on 12 June 1963.

Childhood

Andrew Cunningham was born at Rathmines, County Dublin, on 7 January 1883, [ Michael Simpson p.1 ] the third of five children born to Professor Daniel Cunningham and his wife Elizabeth Cumming Browne, both of Scottish ancestry. [Cunningham, Andrew Chap.1] His parents were described as having a "strong intellectual and clerical tradition," both grandfathers having been in the clergy. His father was a Professor of anatomy at Trinity College, Dublin, whilst his mother stayed at home. Elizabeth Browne, with the aid of servants and governesses, oversaw much of his upbringing; as a result he reportedly had a "warm and close" relationship with her. After a short introduction to schooling in Dublin he was sent to Edinburgh Academy, where he stayed with his Aunts Doodles and Connie May. [Andrew Cunningham p. 9–14] At the age of ten he received a telegram from his father asking "would you like to go into the Navy?" At the time, the family had no maritime connections, and Cunningham only had a vague interest in the sea. Nevertheless he replied "Yes, I should like to be an Admiral". [Andrew Cunningham p. 13] He was then sent to a Naval Preparatory School, Stubbington House, which specialised in sending pupils through the Dartmouth entrance examinations.cite web |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_cunningham.html|title=Cunningham biography|publisher = Historyof war|date = 2007-06-11 |accessdate=2007-06-11] Cunningham passed the exams showing particular strength in mathematics. [Michael Simpson p.2–3]

Early naval career

.Dartmouth archives 1897–1899 cited by Michael Simpson in the "References" section, p.283]

His first service was as a Midshipman on HMS "Doris" in 1899, serving at the Cape Station when the Second Boer War began.cite web |url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_andrew_cunningham.htm |title=Cunningham information sheet |publisher = Royal Naval Museum|date = 2007-06-11 |accessdate=2007-06-11; quote from source cited. ] By February, 1900, he had transferred into the Naval Brigade as he believed "this promised opportunities for bravery and distinction in action." Cunningham then saw action at Pretoria and Diamond Hill as part of the Naval Brigade. He then went back to sea, as Midshipman in HMS "Hannibal" in December, 1901. The following November he joined the protected cruiser HMS "Diadem". Beginning in 1902, Cunningham took Sub-Lieutenant courses at Portsmouth and Greenwich; he served as Sub-Lieutenant on the battleship HMS "Implacable", in the Mediterranean, for six months in 1903. In September 1903, he was transferred to HMS "Locust" to serve as second-in-command. He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1904, and served on several vessels during the next four years. In 1908, he was awarded his first command, HM Torpedo Boat No. 14.

First World War

, they brought "more slaughter, more misery and more ruin than has ever before been borne within the compass of a ship." [Tuchman, Barbara p.154]

Cunningham stayed on in the Mediterranean and in 1915 "Scorpion" was involved in the attack on the Dardanelles. For his performance Cunningham was rewarded with promotion to Commander and the award of the Distinguished Service Order. [cite web |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/2/gallipoli/pdf_files/Galnaval.pdf |format=PDF |title=Gallipoli Campaign |publisher = Imperial War Museum|date = 2007-06-13 |accessdate=2007-06-13] Cunningham spent much of 1916 on routine patrols. In late 1916, he was engaged in convoy protection, a duty he regarded as mundane.Michael Simpson p.13] He had no contact with German U-boats during this time, on which he commented; "The immunity of my convoys, was probably due to sheer luck". Convinced that the Mediterranean held few offensive possibilities he requested to sail for home. "Scorpion" paid off on 21 January 1918. In his seven years as captain of the "Scorpion", Cunningham had developed a reputation for first class seamanship. [Michael Simpson p.14] He was transferred by Vice-Admiral Roger Keyes to HMS "Termagent", part of Keyes' Dover Patrol, in April 1918. [cite web |url= http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/history/ww1a_dover_patrol.htm |title= History of Dover|publisher = Dover Information website |date = 2007-06-13 |accessdate=2007-06-13] and for his actions with the Dover Patrol, he was awarded a bar to his DSO the following year. [Michael Simpson p.14–15]

Interwar years

Association with Cowan

Cunningham saw much action in the interwar years. In 1919, he commanded the S class destroyer HMS "Seafire", on duty in the Baltic. The Communists, the White Russians, several varieties of Latvian nationalists, Germans, and the Poles were trying to control Latvia; the British Government had recognised Latvia's independence after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It was on this voyage that Cunningham first met Admiral Walter Cowan. Cunningham was impressed by Cowan's methods, specifically his navigation of the potentially dangerous seas, with thick fog and minefields threatening the fleet. [cite web|url=http://www.hmshood.com/crew/biography/cowan_bio.htm |title=Cowan biography|publisher =HMS Hood association |date = 2007-06-11 |accessdate=2007-06-11] Throughout several potentially problematic encounters with German forces trying to undermine the Latvian independence movement, Cunningham exhibited "good self control and judgement". Cowan was quoted as saying "Commander Cunningham has on one occasion after another acted with unfailing promptitude and decision, and has proved himself an Officer of exceptional valour and unerring resolution." [Simpson, Michael, Chap 3, Cowans Protege, p.17–18]

For his actions in the Baltic, Cunningham was awarded a second bar to his DSO, and promoted to Captain in 1920. On his return from the Baltic in 1922, he was appointed Captain of the British 6th Destroyer Flotilla. Further commands were to follow; the British 1st Destroyer Flotilla in 1923, and the destroyer base, HMS Lochinvar, at Port Edgar in the Firth of Forth, from 1927–1926. Cunningham renewed his association with Vice Admiral Cowan between 1926 and 1928, when Cunningham was Flag Captain and Chief Staff Officer to Cowan while serving on the North America and West Indies Squadron. In his memoirs Cunningham made clear the "high regard"Andrew Cunningham p. 262] in which he held Cowan, and the many lessons he learned from him during their two periods of service together. The late 1920s found Cunningham back in the UK participating in courses at the Army's Senior Officers' School at Sheerness, as well as at the Imperial Defence College. [Simpson, Michael p.25] While Cunningham was at the Imperial Defence College, in 1929, he married Nona Byatt (daughter of Horace Byatt, MA; the couple had no children). After a year at the College, Cunningham was given command of his first big ship; the battleship HMS "Rodney". Eighteen months later, he was appointed Commodore of HMS Pembroke, the Royal Naval barracks at Chatham.

Promoted to Flag Rank

In September 1932, Cunningham was promoted to flag rank, and Aide-de-Camp to the King. He was appointed Rear Admiral (Destroyers) in the Mediterranean in December 1933 and was made a Companion of the Bath in 1934. Having hoisted his flag in the light cruiser HMS "Coventry", Cunningham used his time to practice fleet handling for which he was to receive much praise in the Second World War.Cunningham, Andrew p.158] There were also fleet exercises in the Atlantic Ocean in which he learnt the skills and values of night actions that he would also use to great effect in years to come.

On his promotion to Vice Admiral in July 1936, due to the interwar naval policy, further active employment seemed remote. However, a year later due to the illness of Sir Geoffrey Blake, Cunningham assumed the combined appointment of commander of the British Battlecruiser Squadron and second-in-command of the Mediterranean Fleet, with HMS "Hood" as his flagship.Andrew Cunningham ch.7] After his long service in small ships, Cunningham considered his accommodation aboard "Hood" to be almost palatial, even surpassing his previous big ship experience on "Rodney".cite web |url=http://www.hmshood.com/crew/biography/abc_bio.htm |title=Cunningham biography|publisher = HMS Hood association|date = 2007-06-11 |accessdate=2007-06-11]

He retained command until September 1938, when he was appointed to the Admiralty as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, although he did not actually take up this post until December 1939. He accepted this shore job with reluctance since he loathed administration, but the Board of Admiralty’s high regard of him was evident. For six months during an illness of Admiral Sir Roger Backhouse, the then First Sea Lord, he deputised for Backhouse on the Committee of Imperial Defence and on the Admiralty Board.

econd World War

Cunningham described the command of the Mediterranean Fleet as "The finest command the Royal Navy has to offer"Michael Simpson|Chapter 5 p.42] and he remarked in his memoirs that "I probably knew the Mediterranean as well as any Naval Officer of my generation". Cunningham was made Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, hoisting his flag in HMS "Warspite" on 6 June 1939, one day after arriving in Alexandria on the 5 June 1939. As Commander-in-Chief, Cunningham’s main concern was for the safety of convoys heading for Egypt and Malta. These convoys were highly significant in that they were desperately needed to keep Malta, a small British colony and naval base, in the war. Malta was a strategic strongpoint and Cunningham fully appreciated this. Cunningham believed that the main threat to British Sea Power in the Mediterranean would come from the Italian Fleet. [Michael Simpson p.43] As such Cunningham had his fleet at a heightened state of readiness, so that when Italy did choose to enter into hostilities, then the British Fleet would be ready. [Michael Simpson p.44]

French Surrender (June 1940)

In his role as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, Cunningham had to negotiate with the French Admiral Rene-Emile Godfroy for the demilitarisation and internment of a French squadron at Alexandria, in June 1940, following the Fall of France. Churchill had ordered Cunningham to prevent the French warships from leaving port, and to ensure that French warships did not pass into enemy hands. Stationed at the time at Alexandria, Cunningham entered into delicate negotiations with Godfroy to ensure his fleet, which consisted of the battleship "Lorraine", 4 cruisers, 3 destroyers and a submarine, posed no threat.Oliver Warner p.97] The Admiralty ordered Cunningham to complete the negotiations on 3 July. Just as an agreement seemed imminent Godfroy heard of the British action against the French at Mers el Kebir and, for a while, Cunningham feared a battle between French and British warships in the confines of Alexandria harbour. The deadline was overrun but negotiations ended well, after Cunningham put them on a more personal level and had the British ships appeal to their French opposite numbers. [Oliver Warner p.99] Cunningham's negotiations succeeded and the French emptied their fuel bunkers and removed the firing mechanisms from their guns.Oliver Warner p.100] Cunningham in turn promised to repatriate the ships' crews.

Battle of Taranto (November 1940)

Although the threat from the French Fleet had been neutralised, Cunningham was still aware of the threat posed by the Italian Fleet to British North African operations, based in Egypt. Although the Royal Navy had won in several actions in the Mediterranean, considerably upsetting the balance of power, the Italians who were following the theory of a fleet in being had left their ships in harbour. This made the threat of a sortie against the British Fleet a serious problem. At the time the harbour at Taranto contained six battleships (five of them battle-worthy), seven heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and eight destroyers. The Admiralty, concerned with the potential for an attack, had drawn up Operation "Judgement"; a surprise attack on Taranto Harbour. To carry out the attack, the Admiralty sent the new aircraft carrier HMS "Illustrious", commanded by Lumley Lyster, to join HMS "Eagle" in Cunningham's fleet.

The attack started at 21:00, 11 November 1940, when the first of two waves of Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers took off from "Illustrious", followed by the second wave an hour later. The attack was a great success: the Italian fleet lost half its strength in one night. The "fleet-in-being" diminished in importance and the threat to the Royal Navy's control of the Mediterranean had been considerably reduced. Cunningham said of the victory: "Taranto, and the night of November 11–12, 1940, should be remembered for ever as having shown once and for all that in the Fleet Air Arm the Navy has its most devastating weapon." The Royal Navy had launched the first all-aircraft naval attack in history, flying a small number of aircraft from an aircraft carrier. This, and other aspects of the raid, were important facts in the planning of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941: the Japanese planning staff were thought to have studied it intensively.

Battle of Cape Matapan (March 1941)

At the end of March 1941, Hitler wanted the convoys supplying the British Expeditionary force in Greece stopped, and the Italian Navy was the only force able to attempt this. Cunningham stated in his biography: "I myself was inclined to think that the Italians would not try anything. I bet Commander Power, the Staff Officer, Operations, the sum of ten shillings that we would see nothing of the enemy."cite web|url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3946 |title=Cape Matapan: battle|publisher=Royal Navy|date = 2007-06-14 |accessdate= 2007-06-14] Under pressure from Germany, the Italian Fleet planned to launch an attack on the British Fleet on 28 March 1941.

The Italian commander, Admiral Angelo Iachino, intended to carry out a surprise attack on the British Cruiser Squadron in the area (commanded by Vice-Admiral Henry Pridham-Wippell), executing a pincer movement with the battleship "Vittorio Veneto".Bernard Edwards, Chapter 11, Cape Matapan] Cunningham though, was aware of Italian naval activity through intercepts of Italian Enigma messages. Although Italian intentions were unclear, Cunningham's staff believed an attack upon British troop convoys was likely and orders were issued to spoil the enemy plan and, if possible, intercept their fleet. Cunningham wished, however, to disguise his own activity and arranged for a game of golf and a fictitious evening gathering to mislead enemy agents (he was, in fact, overheard by the local Japanese Consul). [cite book |last = Sebag-Montefiore |first = Hugh |authorlink = |coauthors = |title = Enigma: The Battle of the Code |publisher = Phoenix |year = 2001 |location = London |pages = pp 123–125 |url = |doi = |id = ] After sunset, he boarded HMS Warspite and left Alexandria.

Cunningham, realising that an air attack could weaken the Italians, ordered an attack by the "Formidable"'s Albacore torpedo-bombers. A hit on the "Vittorio Veneto" slowed her temporarily [cite web|title=NAVAL-HISTORY.NET|author = Gordon Smith |accessdate= 2007-08-20|url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsRNMed.htm] and Iachino, realising his fleet was vulnerable without air cover, ordered his forces to retire. Cunningham gave the order to pursue the Italian Fleet.

An air attack from the "Formidable" had disabled the cruiser "Pola" and Iachino, unaware of Cunningham's pursuing battlefleet, ordered a squadron of cruisers and destroyers to return and protect the "Pola". Cunningham, meanwhile, was joining up with Pridham-Wippell's cruiser squadron. Throughout the day several chases and sorties occurred with no overall victor. None of the Italian ships were equipped for night fighting, and when night fell, they made to return to Taranto. The British battlefleet equipped with radar detected the Italians shortly after 22:00. In a pivotal moment in naval warfare during the Second World War, the battleships "Barham", "Valiant" and "Warspite" opened fire on two Italian cruisers at only 3,800 yards (3.5 km), destroying them in only five minutes.

Although the "Vittorio Veneto" escaped from the battle by returning to Taranto, there were many accolades given to Cunningham for continuing the pursuit at night, against the advice of his staff. After the previous defeat at Taranto, the defeat at Cape Matapan dealt another strategic blow to the Italian Navy. Five ships - three heavy cruisers and two destroyers - were sunk, and around 2,400 Italian sailors were killed, missing or captured.cite web |url=http://www.historynet.com/air_sea/naval_battles/3029406.html |title=The Battle of Cape Matapan |publisher = Historynet|date = 2007-06-14 |accessdate= 2007-06-14] The British lost only three aircrew when one torpedo bomber was shot down. Cunningham had lost his bet with Commander Power but he had won a strategic victory in the war in the Mediterranean. The defeats at Taranto and Cape Matapan meant that the Italian Navy did not intervene in the heavily contested evacuations of Greece and Crete, later in 1941. It also ensured that, for the remainder of the war, the Regia Marina conceded the Eastern Mediterranean to the Allied Fleet, and did not leave port for the remainder of the war.

Battle of Crete (May 1941)

On the morning of 20 May 1941, Nazi Germany launched an airborne invasion of Crete, under the code-name "Unternehmen Merkur" (Operation Mercury). Despite initial heavy casualties,cite book |first=Gavin |last=Long |series="Australia in the War of 1939–1945" |title="Volume II – Greece, Crete and Syria"| publisher = Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |year = 1953 |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/chapter.asp?volume=18 |accessdate= 2007-06-13] Maleme airfield in western Crete fell to the Germans and enabled the Germans to fly in heavy reinforcements and overwhelm the Allied forces.

After a week of heavy fighting, British commanders decided that the situation was hopeless and ordered a withdrawal from Sfakia. During the next four nights, 16,000 troops were evacuated to Egypt by ships (including HMS "Ajax" of Battle of the River Plate fame). A smaller number of ships were to withdraw troops on a separate mission from Heraklion, but these ships were attacked en route by Luftwaffe dive bombers. Without air cover, Cunningham's ships suffered serious losses. Cunningham was determined, though, that the "navy must not let the army down", and when army generals feared he would lose too many ships, Cunningham famously said, cquote|It takes three years to build a ship; it takes three centuries to build a tradition. Churchill, Winston; The Second World War Volume III, "The Grand Alliance", Chapter XVI Crete: The Battle. p265] The "never say die" attitude of Cunningham and the men under his command meant that of 22,000 men on Crete, 16,500 were rescued but at the loss of three cruisers, six destroyers and 15 other major warships were damaged.

Allied Expeditionary Force (1943–1946)

From late 1942 to early 1943, Cunningham served under General Eisenhower, who made him the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force. In this role that Cunningham commanded the large fleet that covered the Anglo-American landings in North Africa (Operation Torch). General Eisenhower said of him in his diary:

February 1943 saw Cunningham return to his post as Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet. Three months later, when Axis forces in North Africa were on the verge of surrender, he ordered that none should be allowed to escape.cite web |url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3893|title=Viscount Cunningham|publisher = Royal Navy |date = 2007-06-14 |accessdate=2007-06-14] Entirely in keeping with his fiery character he signalled the fleet "Sink, burn and destroy: Let nothing pass". He oversaw the naval forces used in the joint Anglo-American amphibious invasions of Sicily, during Operation Husky, Operation Baytown and Operation Avalanche. On the morning of 11 September 1943, Cunningham was present at Malta when the Italian Fleet surrendered. Cunningham informed the Admiralty with a telegram; "Please to inform your Lordships that the Italian battle fleet now lies at anchor under the guns of the fortress of Malta." [Churchill p.102]

On 21 October 1943, Cunningham became First Sea Lord of the Admiralty and Chief of the Naval Staff, after the death of Dudley Pound. This promotion meant that he had to relinquish his coveted post of Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, recommending his namesake Admiral John H. D. Cunningham as his successor. [Cunningham Papers p.270] In the position of First Sea Lord, and as a member of the Chiefs of Staff committee, Cunningham was responsible for the overall strategic direction of the navy for the remainder of the war. He attended the major conferences at Cairo, Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam, at which the Allies discussed future strategy, including the invasion of Normandy and the deployment of a British fleet to the Pacific Ocean.

Honours

Below is a list of Awards and titles awarded to Andrew Browne Cunningham during his lifetime.

United Kingdom

Awards from other countries

^{(Note = Full title was Baron Cunningham of Hyndhope in the County of Selkirk. Upon his death without issue in 1963, both of these titles became extinct.)}.

Retirement

Cunningham was entitled to retire at the end of the war in 1945 but he resolved to pilot the Navy through the transition to peace before retiring. With the election of Clement Attlee as British Prime Minister in 1945, and the implementation of his Post-war consensus, there was a large reduction in the Defence Budget. The extensive reorganisation was a challenge for Cunningham. "We very soon came to realise how much easier it was to make war than to reorganise for peace." [ Michael Simpson p.209] Due to pressures on the budget from all three services, the Navy embarked on a reduction programme that was larger than Cunningham had envisaged. [Michael Simpson p.209–213]

At the end of May 1946, after overseeing the transition through to peacetime, Cunningham retired from his post as First Sea Lord. The Cunningham Papers] Cunningham retreated to the "little house in the country", 'Palace House', at Bishop's Waltham in Hampshire, which he and Lady Cunningham had acquired before the war. They both had a busy retirement. He attended the House of Lords irregularly and occasionally lent his name to press statements about the Royal Navy, particularly those relating to Admiral Dudley North, who had been relieved of his command of Gibraltar in 1940. Cunningham, and several of the surviving Admirals of the Fleet, set about securing justice for North, and they succeeded with a partial vindication in 1957. He also busied himself with various appointments; he was Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1950 and 1952, and in 1953 he acted as Lord High Steward - the most recent one to date - at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Throughout this time Cunningham and his wife entertained family and friends, including his own great nephew, Jock Slater, in their extensive gardens. Cunningham died in London on 12 June 1963, and was buried at sea off Portsmouth. [cite web|coauthors = Hans Houterman & Jeroen Koppes|title = RN Officers service histories|url = http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersC4.html|accessdate =2007-08-08] There were no children from his marriage.

A bust of Cunningham by Franta Belsky was unveiled in Trafalgar Square in London on 2 April 1967 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. [ [http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Bust_of_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope_by_Franta_Belsky Bust of Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope by Franta Belsky] at nationalarchives.gov.uk (accessed 27 November 2007)]

Notes

References

*cite book
last = Churchill
first = Winston
authorlink = Winston Churchill
title = The Second World War Volume III
publisher = Penguin paperback
date =
isbn = 0-141-44174-7
*cite book
last = Cunningham
first = Andrew
authorlink =
title = "Admiral A.B. Cunningham, A Sailor’s Odyssey"
publisher = Hutchinson & Co, London
year = 1952
doi =
asin =B0000CHWI2
*cite book
last = Edwards
first = Bernard
authorlink =
title = "Salvo! Classic Naval Gun Actions"
publisher = Brockhampton Press
year = 1999
doi =
isbn =1860199593
*cite book
last = Moorehead
first = Alan
title = Gallipoli
publisher = Wordsworth Editions
year = 1956
doi =
isbn = 1-85326-675-2
*cite book
last = Roskill
first = Stephen
authorlink = Stephen Roskill
title = "Churchill and the Admirals"
publisher = Collins
year = 1977
doi =
isbn =0002161273
*cite book
last = Andrew Cunningham, Michael Simpson, Naval Records Society
first =
authorlink =
title = The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope
publisher = Naval Records Society
year = 1999
isbn = 1840146222
*cite book
last = Simpson
first = Michael
authorlink =
title = "A Life of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham: A Twentieth-century Naval Leader"
publisher = Routledge
year = 2004
doi =
isbn =0714651974
*cite book
last = Tuchman
first = Barbara
authorlink = Barbara Tuchman
title = The Guns of August
publisher = Constable
year = 1962
isbn =0-333-69880-0
*cite book
last = Warner
first = Oliver
authorlink =
title = "Cunningham of Hyndhope:Admiral of the Fleet"
publisher = John Murray
year = 1967
doi =
isbn =0719517141
*cite book
last = Winton
first = John
authorlink =
title = "Cunningham: The Greatest Admiral since Nelson"
publisher = John Murray
year = 1998
doi =
isbn =0719557658
*Most of Cunningham's service record is in [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=482841 Document piece ADM 196/47] and can be downloaded as a pdf (fee required) from [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/details-result.asp?Edoc_Id=7919340&queryType=1&resultcount=29 Documents Online] . Retrieved 2008-08-05

Further reading

*cite book
last = Barnett
first = Corelli
authorlink = Corelli Barnett
title = "Engage the Enemy More Closely"
publisher = Hodder and Stoughton
year = 1999
doi =
isbn =0340551909
*cite book
last = Pack
first = S.W.C.
authorlink =
title = "Cunningham the Commander"
publisher = B.T. Batsford Ltd
year = 1974
doi =
isbn =0713427884
*cite book
last = Murfett
first= Malcolm
authorlink =
title = The First Sea Lords from Fisher to Mountbatten
publisher = Westport
year = 1995
doi =
isbn=0275942317
*cite book
last = Heathcote
first = Tony
authorlink =
title = The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995
publisher = Pen & Sword Ltd
year = 2002
doi =
isbn = 0 85052 835 6
*cite book
last = Simpson
first = Michael
authorlink =
title = Cunningham, Andrew Browne, Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope (1883–1963), naval officer, in Dictionary of National Biography
publisher = Oxford University Press
year = 2004
doi =
isbn =

External links

* [http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/fleet/cunninghamabc.php Transcription of Official Service Records on www.admirals.org.uk]
* [http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3893 Royal Navy page on Cunningham]
* [http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_andrew_cunningham.htm Biography at the Royal Naval Museum Library]
* [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWcunninghamA.htm Summary information on education website]
* [http://www.hmshood.com/crew/biography/abc_bio.htm Bio on HMS Hood memorial page]
* [http://search.eb.com/dday/article-9344612 Website about Normandy landings with bio]
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp05213 1943 bromide print] by Yousuf Karsh at the National Portrait Gallery, London
* [http://www.historynet.com/air_sea/sea-air_operations/7100391.html?page=3&c=y|Page about Cunningham and the Malta Convoys and his relationship with Churchill]

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Persondata
NAME = Cunningham, The Viscount
ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Cunningham, Andrew Browne, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope
SHORT DESCRIPTION = Admiral of the Fleet
DATE OF BIRTH = 7 January 1883
PLACE OF BIRTH = Dublin, Ireland
DATE OF DEATH = 12 June 1963
PLACE OF DEATH = London, England