Weather lore

Weather lore is the body of informal folklore related to the prediction of the weather.

It has been a human desire for millennia to make accurate weather predictions. Oral and written history is full of rhymes, anecdotes, and adages meant to guide the uncertain in determining whether the next day will bring fair or foul weather. For the farmer wanting to plant crops, for the merchant about to send ships on trade, foreknowledge of tomorrow's circumstances might mean the difference between success and failure. Prior to the invention of the mercury barometer, it was very difficult to gather numerical data of any predictive value. Even though there were devices such as the weather stick which gave some indication of moisture changes, the only instrument of any reliability was human experience.ref|probablyref|nasa

A typical example

The following humorous rhymeref|dirty has been attributed to various authors in various eras, indicating how generally true it is of winter on the west coasts of both Europe and North America. While not precisely true, it nonetheless predicts with fair accuracy what weather is likely to occur any given day between September and June in a maritime environment such as Vancouver or London.:"Dirty days hath September," :"April, June and November.":"From January up to May":"The rain it raineth every day.":"February hath twenty eight alone,":"And all the rest have thirty-one.":"If any of them had two and thirty":"They'd be just as wet and dirty."ref|hood

Where weather happens

It is in Earth's middle latitudes, between roughly 30° to 60° North and South, that a significant portion of humanity's daily activities take place. It is also within these rough boundaries that "weather" can be said to happen, that is, where meteorological phenomena do not persist over the long term, and where it may be warm, sunny, and calm one day, and cold and stormy the next.

A great percentage of the world's population lives in the equatorial regions,ref|popden but for the most part, these regions do not experience weather as it is understood by this definition. The Sahara Desert, for instance, is almost uniformly hot and dry, whereas weather trends on the Indian subcontinent and in the western Pacific, for instance, the monsoonal belt, occur gradually over the very long term, and the diurnal weather patterns remain constant.

Weather lore, therefore, refers to this mid-latitude region of daily variability. While most of it applies equally to the Southern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere resident may need to take into account the fact that weather systems rotate opposite to those in the North. For instance, the "crossed winds"ref|crossed rule (see below) must be reversed for the Australian reader.

True lore, and why

Red sky at night

In North America or United Kingdom::"Red sky at night, sailor's delight,":"Red sky in the morning, sailors take warning."

In the United Kingdom:

:"Red sky at night, shepherd's delight,":"Red sky in the morning, shepherds take warning."

Or

:"Red sky at night, shepherd's delight,":"Red sky in the morning, sailor's warning."

As well as other variations, such as this one from Denmark/Norway, which translates to "Morning red gives wet days, Evening red gives sweet days"::"Morgenrøde gir dage bløde. :"Kveldsrøde gir dage søde.

Italian variation goes as:

:"Rosso di sera, bel tempo si spera,:"rosso di mattina mal tempo si avvicina.

Weather systems typically move from west to east, and red clouds result when the sun shines on their undersides at either sunrise or sunset.ref|noaaref|skywatch At these two times of day, the sun's light is passing at a very low angle through a great thickness of atmosphere, the result of which is the scattering out of most of the shorter wavelengths — the greens, blues, and violets — of the visible spectrum, and so sunlight is heavy at the red end of the spectrum. If the morning skies are red, it is because clear skies to the east permit the sun to light the undersides of moisture-bearing clouds coming in from the west. Conversely, in order to see red clouds in the evening, sunlight must have a clear path from the west in order to illuminate moisture-bearing clouds moving off to the east. There are many variations on this piece of lore, but they all carry the same message.

:" Matthew 16:2-3 -- [Jesus| [Jesus] replied, " :" "When evening comes, you say,"::" 'It will be fair weather: for the sky is red.' ":"And in the morning, " ::" 'Today it will be stormy, for the sky is red and overcast.'" "

Shakespeare, in his poem "Venus and Adonis" wrote::"Like a red morn that ever yet betokened," :"Wreck to the seaman, tempest to the field," :"Sorrow to the shepherds, woe unto the birds," :"Gusts and foul flaws to herdmen and to herds."

Low pressure regions

::"When the wind is blowing in the North"::"No fisherman should set forth,"::"When the wind is blowing in the East,"::"'Tis not fit for man nor beast,"::"When the wind is blowing in the South"::"It brings the food over the fish's mouth,"::"When the wind is blowing in the West,"::"That is when the fishing's best!"

In western European seas, this description of wind direction is an excellent illustration of how the weather events of an active low pressure arearef|low present themselves. With the approach of a low, easterly winds typically pick up. These gusty winds can be unpleasant for a number of reasons; they are often uncomfortably warm, dry, and dusty in the summer and bitterly cold in the winter. Northerly winds, which follow around a low, are cold and blustery. Sailing in conditions of northerly winds requires expertise and a boat capable of handling heavy waves. Southerly winds usually bring warm temperatures, and though they may not necessarily feed the fish, they do provide pleasant fishing weather. The best circumstance, however, is to have a westerly wind blowing; the wind condition is likely to persist for some time, the weather should remain fair and clear, and the wind should be relatively constant.ref|skywatch

Wind and weather observations will be different for a low passing to the north of the observer than for one passing to the south. When a low passes to the north, the winds typically pick up from the east, swing to southerly (possibly accompanied by light precipitation, usually not) with the passage of the low's warm front, and then switch to northwesterly or westerly as the cold front passes. Typically, if there is any heavy precipitation, it will accompany the passage of the cold front. When a low passes to the south, on the other hand, winds will initially pick up from the east, but will gradually shift to northerly. Overcast skies and steady precipitation often occur as the center of the low passes due south, but skies will clear and winds will gradually become westerly as the low moves off to the east. No observer will experience all the weather elements of a low in a single passage.ref|watts

Calm conditions

:"No weather is ill, if the wind be still."

Calm conditions, especially with clear skies, indicate the dominance of a high pressure area. Because highs are broad regions of descending air, they discourage the formation of phenomena typically associated with weather, such as clouds, wind, and precipitation. Calm conditions, though, may also result from a circumstance known as "the calm before the storm," in which a large thunderstorm cell to the west may be updrafting the westerly surface wind before it can arrive locally. This situation is readily identifiable by looking to the west — such an approaching storm will be close enough to be unmistakable. In winter, though, calm air and clear skies may signal the presence of an Arctic high,ref|anticyclone typically accompanied by very cold air, and it is difficult to imagine describing a temperature of -35°C as pleasant.

eagull forecasts

:"Seagull, seagull sit on the sand.":"It's never good weather when you're on land."

Seagulls are not especially fond of standing or walking. They are naturally at home in flight, and where they can, they sleep on the water. However, seagulls, like people, find gusty, turbulent wind difficult to contend with, and under such circumstances, the water is also choppy and unpleasant. Seagulls huddled on the ground are not a predictor of bad weather as much as they are a sign that the weather is already bad.

A ring around the moon

::"When halo rings the moon or sun, rain's approaching on the run"

A halo around the sun or moon is caused by the refraction of that body's light by ice crystals at high altitude. Such high-level moisture is a precursor to moisture moving in at increasingly lower levels, and is a good indicator that an active weather system is on its way. Halos typically evolve into what is known as "milk sky", when the sky appears clear, but the typical blue is either washed-out or barely noticeable. This high, thick cirrostratus cloud is a clear indicator of an approaching low. In the coldest days of winter, a halo around the sun is evidence of very cold and typically clear air at and above the surface. But sun dogs are indicators that weather conditions are likely to change in the next 18 to 36 hours.ref|sundogsref|skywatch

Humidity indicators

:"When windows won't open, and the salt clogs the shaker,":"The weather will favour the umbrella maker!"

Moisture in the air causes wood to swell, making doors and windows sticky, and salt is a very effective absorber of moisture. With a high level of moisture in the air, the likelihood of precipitation is increased.ref|skywatch

Pasture-watching

:"A cow with its tail to the West makes the weather best,":"A cow with its tail to the East makes the weather least"

Cows, like people, prefer not to have the wind blowing in their faces, and so typically stand with their backs to the wind. Since westerly winds typically mean arriving or continuing fair weather and easterly winds usually indicate arriving or continuing unsettled weather, a cowvane is as good a way as any of knowing what the weather will be up to for the next few hours.

Fog

:"A summer fog for fair,":"A winter fog for rain.":"A fact most everywhere,":"In valley or on plain."

Fog is formed when the air cools enough that the vapor pressure encourages condensation over evaporation. In order for the air to be cool on a summer night, the sky must be clear, so excess heat can be radiated into space. Cloudy skies act like a blanket, absorbing and reradiating the heat, keeping it in. So if it is cool enough (and clear enough) for fog to form, it will probably be clear the next day.ref|skywatch Winter fog is the result of two entirely different circumstances. Above the ocean or a large lake, air is typically more humid than above land. When the humid air moves over cold land, it will form fog and precipitation. (To the east of the North American Great Lakes, this is a common phenomenon, and is known as the "lake effect.")ref|lake In northerly climates, ice fog may form when the temperature drops substantially below freezing. It is almost exclusively an urban phenomenon, when the air is so cold that any vapor pressure results in condensation, and additional vapor emitted by automobiles, household furnaces, and industrial plants simply accumulates as fog.

ound transmission

:"When sounds travel far and wide,":"A stormy day will betide."

This piece of lore is true in summer but conditionally false in winter. Moisture-laden air is a better conductor of sound than dry air, so moist air carries sounds farther. In winter, temperature also becomes an important factor. If the air is warm and moist, the rule holds. If the air is very cold, it is also very dense and a better sound conductor than warm air, and also likely to be much drier. When sounds carry over a long distance, the cold, clear weather is likely to linger.ref|skywatch

Cloud movement

:"If clouds move against the wind, rain will follow."

This rule may be true under a few special circumstances, otherwise it is false. By standing with one's back to the ground-level wind and observing the movement of the clouds, it is possible to determine whether the weather will improve or deteriorate.ref|watts For the Northern Hemisphere, it works like this: If the upper-level clouds are moving from the right, a low-pressure area has passed and the weather will improve; if from the left, a low pressure area is arriving and the weather will deteriorate. (Reverse for the Southern Hemisphere.) This is known as the "crossed-winds" rule.ref|crossed Clouds traveling parallel to but against the wind may indicate a thunderstorm approaching. Outflow winds typically blow opposite to the updraft zone, and clouds carried in the upper level wind will appear to be moving against the surface wind. However, if such a storm is in the offing, it is not necessary to observe the cloud motions to know rain is a good possibility. The nature of airflows "directly at" a frontal boundary can also create conditions in which lower winds contradict the motions of upper clouds, and the passage of a frontal boundary is often marked by precipitation. Most often, however, this situation occurs in the lee of a low pressure area, to the north of the frontal zones and convergence region, and does not indicate a change in weather, but rather, that the weather, fair or showery, will remain so for a period of hours at least.ref|watts

Aches and pains

:"A coming storm your shooting corns presage,":"And aches will throb, your hollow tooth will rage."

There have been medical studies done which indicate some people experience this effect.ref|skywatch The most likely reason is that with a fall in atmospheric pressure, blood vessels dilate slightly in reaction. This has the effect of aggravating already-irritated nerves near corns, cavities, or arthritic joints.ref|arthritis Studies are inconclusive, however, with some researchers attributing this effect to selective memory.

False lore, and why

Groundhogs

:"If on February 2 (Groundhog Day in the United States and Canada) the groundhog sees its shadow, thirty days of winter remain. If not, spring will follow immediately."

Annual records show that the groundhog prediction is not correct beyond chance.ref|groundhog In other words, there is no correlation between the behavior of groundhogs and the date when spring begins.

Lion and lamb

:"If spring comes in like a lion, it will go out like a lamb."

According to records, fierce weather when spring begins does not necessarily imply gentler weather later. Spring comes in and goes out equally as often in either guise.ref|skywatch

Early-morning rain

:"Rain before seven, clear by eleven."

Late-night rains and early morning rains may simply be the last precipitation of a passing weather front. However, since fronts pass at night as often as they do in the day, morning rain is no predictor of a dry afternoon. However, this lore can describe non-frontal weather. Given sufficient surface heating, a late-day rainstorm may continue to develop into the night, produce early precipitation, then dissipate by late morning. This, though, is the exception rather than the rule. Only 40% of rain is produced by convective events—60% is the result of a frontal passage.ref|albag

March thunderstorms

:"When March blows its horn,":"your barn will be filled with hay and corn."

"Blows its horn" refers to thunderstorms. While March thunderstorms indicate that the weather is unusually warm for that time of year (thunderstorms can occur only with a sufficiently large temperature difference between ground and sky and sufficient amounts of moisture to produce charge differential within a cloud),ref|uwsp.edu it is no indicator of the long-term weather trend. It is still unwise to plant your annuals before the long May weekend.

Pets eating grass

:"Cats and dogs eat grass before a rain."

While it is true that cats and dogs eat grass, it has nothing to do with the weather and is because cats and dogs are not exclusively carnivorous. Some researchers believe that dogs eat grass as an emetic when feeling ill.ref|grassref|skywatch

Onion skins

:"Onion skins very thin":"Mild winter coming in;":"Onion skins thick and tough":"Coming winter cold and rough."ref|onions

This verse, and so many others like it, attempts to predict long-range conditions. These predictions have stood the test of time only because they rely on selective memory: people remember when they have predicted correctly and forget when predictions don't hold.ref|skywatch One possible factor which could provide these predictions with a thin edge of credibility is that there is some degree of consistency in weather from year to year. Drought cycles or El Niño winters are a perfect example of such circumstances. A pattern of cool summers and warm winters, for instance, can produce patterns in other natural events sensitive enough to be affected by changes in temperature or precipitation.

pecial weather-forecasting days

In the British Isles, Saint Swithun's day is said to forecast forty days of rain if there is any precipitation on the saint's feast day. In France as well as in Hungary, 8 June, the feast day of Saint Médard fulfils the same functionref|medard. In Russia, the weather on the feast of the Protecting Veil is popularly believed to indicate the severity of the forthcoming winter.ref|wscsd In France, besides Saint Medard (June 8), other saints associated with weather prediction included Urban of Langres, and Saint Gervase and Saint Protais (June 19). In Flanders, there is St Godelieve (July 6) and in Germany the Seven Sleepers' Day (June 27).

There was an old proverb from Romagna that ran: "Par San Paternian e' trema la coda a e' can." ("On St. Paternian's day, the dog's tail wags"). This Cervian proverb refers to the fact that the cold began to be felt around the saint’s feast day. A farmers’ saying associated with Quirinus' feast day of March 30 was "Wie der Quirin, so der Sommer" (“As St. Quirinus’ Day goes, so will the summer”). [ [http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienQ/Quirinus_von_Rom_von_Neuss.htm Quirinus von Rom (von Neuss) - Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon ] ]

The Ice Saints is the name given to St. Mamertus, St. Pancras, and St. Servatus in German, Austrian, and Swiss folklore, so named because their feast days fall on the days of May 11, May 12, and May 13, respectively, a period noted to bring a brief spell of colder weather in the Northern Hemisphere under the Julian Calendar.

References

# "Schott's Almanac 2007," ed. Ben Schott
# [http://www.coldal.org/weather.htm Coldal.org]
# [http://users.senet.com.au/~holton7/article5.htm Senet.com.au] (Retrieved 2006 April 24)
# [http://www.moreheadplanetarium.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&filename=science_resources_pressure.html Morehead Planetarium and Science Centre] (Retrieved 2006 April 24)
# [http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/lkefsnw1.htm The Weather Doctor] (Retrieved 2006 April 24)
# [http://www.sailnet.com/collections/seamanship/index.cfm?articleID=rousma004&coll_cat=Safety&Coll_name=Safety Sailnet.com] (Retrieved 2006 April 24)
# [http://soils.usda.gov/use/worldsoils/mapindex/popden.html United States Department of Agriculture] (retrieved 2006 November 27)
# [http://www.noaa.gov/questions/question_071202.html NOAA] (retrieved 2006 November 27)
# [http://www.onions-usa.org/about/quotes.asp About Onions: Quotes] (retrieved 2006 November 27)
# [http://www.copanational.org/non-members/safety/2002/safetyPPFeb02.htm Pilot Primer] (retrieved 2006 November 27)
# [http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/2002/groundhog/groundhog.html NOAA] (Retrieved 2006 April 24)
# [http://www.catholicculture.org/lit/activities/view.cfm?id=1115 catholicculture.org] (retrieved 2006 November 27)
# [http://www.wscsd.org/ejournal/article.php3?id_article=152 wscsd.org] (retrieved 2006 November 27)
# [http://www.masstechportal.org/IP1545.aspx Massachusetts Technology Transfer Center] (retrieved 2006 November 27)
# Instant Weather Forecasting in Canada - Alan Watts (Library of Congress #68-9173)
# [http://www.cs.bgsu.edu/maner/wxsys/wxsys.pdf WXSYS] (retrieved 2007 February 15)
# [http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:-2eZUkuIK3QJ:aqua.nasa.gov/doc/pubs/Wx_Forecasting.pdf+weather+lore+accuracy&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=19&gl=ca aqua.nasa.gov] (retrieved 2007 February 15)
# [http://www.petstyle.com/dog/health_well_article.aspx?id=214&section=health Petstyle.com] (retrieved 2007 February 15)
# [http://www.theweathernetwork.com/inter/help/weatherphenomena.htm#Q9 The Weather Network] (retrieved 2007 February 15)
# [http://users.eastlink.ca/~grahamfamily/weather.htm Nautical Weather Lore] (retrieved 2007 February 15)
# [http://wilstar.com/skywatch.pdf Skywatch (pdf)] (Retrieved 2007 February 26)
# [http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/weather_systems/lightning.html uwsp.edu] (retrieved 2007 February 26)
# [http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/sag6295 Alberta Agriculture] (retrieved 2007 February 26)
# [http://www-nsidc.colorado.edu/arcticmet/patterns/anticyclones.html nsidc.colorado.edu] (retrieved 2007 February 26)

Further references

* "The Story of Weather" - Bill Giles (ISBN 0-11-400355-6)
* [http://www.cmos.ca/weatherlore.html Weather lore and proverbs]

External links

* [http://wilstar.com/skywatch.htm Skywatch - Signs of the Weather]