Alien (Alien franchise)

infobox fictional creature
name = Alien


caption = A human-spawned alien warrior as it appeared in "Alien vs. Predator".
classification = Alien lifeform
first = "Alien"
last = ""
created by = Dan O'Bannon
Ronald Shusett
designed by = H. R. Giger
portrayed by = "Alien"
Bolaji Badejo (stunts)cite video|people=Dan O'Bannon, Ronald Shusett (writers) and Ridley Scott (director)|title=Alien|medium=DVD|publisher=20th Century Fox|year=1979]
Percy Edwards (voice actor)
"Aliens"
Carl Toop (Stunts) [ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090605/fullcredits Aliens (1986) - Full cast and crew ] ]
Numerous stuntmen
"Alien³",
Tom Woodruff, JrAlien³ audio commentary, Alien Quadrilogy boxset]
"Alien Resurrection"
Tom Woodruff Jr.
Joan LaBarbara (Voice actress) [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118583/fullcredits Alien: Resurrection (1997) - Full cast and crew ] ]
Archie Hahn (Voice actor)
"AvP" & ""
Tom Woodruff Jr.
cite book | author = Alec Gillis and Tom Woodruff Jr| title = "Alien vs. Predator: The Creature Effects of ADI" | year = 2004] cite book | author = Alec Gillis and Tom Woodruff Jr| title = Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem - Inside the Monster Shop | year = 2008 | pages = pp.128 | id = ISBN 1845769090 ]

The alien, also called the xenomorph, is a fictional parasitoid extraterrestrial species that is the primary antagonist of the "Alien" film series. The species made its debut in the 1979 film "Alien", and reappeared in its sequels "Aliens" (1986), "Alien 3" (1992), and "Alien Resurrection" (1997). It has also appeared in the series' two spinoffs "Alien vs. Predator" (2004) and "" (2007), as well as the series' subsidiary literature and video games.

Unlike many other recurring enemy extraterrestrial races in science fiction, the aliens are not an intelligent civilization, but predatory creatures with no higher goals than the propagation of their species and the destruction of life that could pose a threat. Like wasps or termites, aliens are eusocial, with a single fertile queen and a caste of sterile warriors.

The aliens' life cycle, in which their offspring are violently implanted inside living hosts before erupting from their chests, is in many ways their signature aspect. Their design deliberately evokes many sexual images, both male and female, to illustrate its blurring of human sexual dichotomy.

The alien design is credited to Swiss surrealist and artist H. R. Giger, originating in a lithograph called "Necronom IV" and refined for the series' first film, "Alien". The species' design and life cycle have been extensively added to throughout each film.

Name

The creature has no specific name, and has been referred to most often onscreen, and in the credits of each film, simply as the "alien". It was called an alien, an organism and Kane's son in the first film. It has also been referred to as a creature, a beast, a dragon, a monster, a serpent ["Alien vs. Predator",] or a thing. The term "xenomorph" (lit. "alien form" — from Greek "xeno-" or “strange” and "-morph", shape) was used by the character Lieutenant Gorman in "Aliens"cite video|people=James Cameron (writer and director)|title="Aliens"] |medium=DVD|publisher=20th Century Fox|year=1986] and by Ellen Ripley in a deleted scene from "Alien³".cite video|people=Vincent Ward (writer) and David Fincher (director)|title="Alien³"|medium=DVD|publisher=20th Century Fox|year=1992] This term has been adopted by fans [cite web|url=http://www.planetavp.com/al/Biology/LifeCycle/index.htm|title=planetavp|accessdate=2008-02-29] and used in merchandising [cite web|title=Forbiddenplanet.co.uk|url=http://www.forbiddenplanet.co.uk/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=40657|accessdate=2008-02-29] as a convenient name. The species' binomial names are given in fake Latin as either " " (meant as "foul tongue from Acheron") [With "acheronsis" instead of , or .] in some comic books [The comic book "Aliens versus Predator versus The Terminator" includes the binomial name "Linguafoeda acheronsis".] or " " (literally "murderous thief") in the "Alien Quadrilogy" DVD.

Creation and design

The script for the 1979 film "Alien" was initially drafted by Dan O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett."Star Beast, the Alien Quadrilogy" boxset] Dan O'Bannon drafted an opening in which the crew of a mining ship are sent to investigate a mysterious message on an alien planetoid. He eventually settled on the threat being an alien creature; however, he could not conceive of an interesting way for it to get onto the ship. Inspired after waking from a dream, Shusett realized that the alien could "screw" one of the crewmembers, planting its seed in his body, and then bursting out of his chest. Both realized the idea had never been done before, and it subsequently became the core of the film. "This is a movie about alien interspecies rape," O'Bannon said on the documentary "Alien Evolution", "That's scary because it hits all of our buttons."

The title of the film was decided late in the script's development. O'Bannon had quickly dropped the film's original title, "Star Beast", but could not think of a name to replace it. "I was running through titles, and they all stank," O'Bannon said in an interview, "when suddenly, that word "alien" just came out of the typewriter at me. "Alien." It's a noun and it's an adjective." The word "alien" subsequently became the title of the film and, by extension, the name of the creature itself.

Prior to writing the script to "Alien", O'Bannon had been working in France for Chilean cult director Alejandro Jodorowsky's planned adaptation of Frank Herbert's classic sci-fi novel "Dune." Also hired for the project was Swiss surrealist artist HR Giger. Giger showed O'Bannon his nightmarish, monochromatic artwork, which left O'Bannon deeply disturbed. "I had never seen anything that was quite as horrible and at the same time as beautiful as his work," he remembered later. [cite book|title="The Book of Alien"|author=Paul Scanlon, Michael Gross|year=1979|publisher=WH Allen & Co] The "Dune" film collapsed, but O'Bannon would remember Giger when "Alien" was greenlit, and suggested to director Ridley Scott that he be brought on to design the alien, saying that if he were to design a monster, it would be truly original.After O'Bannon handed him a copy of Giger's book "Necronomicon", Scott immediately saw the potential for Giger's designs, and chose "Necronom IV", a painting Giger completed in 1976, as the basis for the alien's design, citing its beauty and strong sexual overtones. That the creature could just as easily have been male or female was also a strong factor in the decision to use it. "It could just as easily fuck you before it killed you," said line producer Ivor Powell, " [which] made it all the more disconcerting." Fox were initially wary of allowing Giger onto the project, saying that his works would be too disturbing for audiences, but eventually relented. Giger initially offered to completely design the alien from scratch, but Scott mandated that he base his work on "Necronom IV", saying that to start over from the beginning would be too time-consuming. Giger signed on to design the adult, egg and chest-burster forms, but ultimately also designed the alien planetoid LV-426 and the Space Jockey alien vessel.

Giger conceived the alien as being vaguely human but a human in full armor, protected from all outside forces. He mandated that the creature have no eyes, because he felt that it made them much more frightening if you could not tell they were looking at you. Giger also gave the aliens' mouths a second inner set of jaws which are located at the tip of a long, tongue-like proboscis which can extend rapidly for use as a weapon. The inner jaws are powerful enough to smash through bone and metal. His design for the creature was heavily influenced by a design aesthetic he had created and termed "biomechanical", a fusion of the organic and the mechanic. His mock-up of the alien was created using parts from an old Rolls Royce car, rib bones and the vertebrae from a snake, molded with plasticine. The alien's animatronic head, which contained 900 moving parts, was designed and constructed by special effects designer Carlo Rambaldi. Giger and Rambaldi would both go on to win the 1980 Academy award for visual effects for their design of the alien. [ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078748/awards IMDB: "Alien": Awards] ]

Scott decided on the man-in-suit approach for creating the creature onscreen. Initially circus performers were tried, then multiple actors together in the same costume, but neither proved scary. Deciding that the creature would be scarier the closer it appeared to a human, Scott decided that a single, very tall, very thin man be used. Scott was inspired by a photograph of Leni Riefenstahl standing next to a 6'4" Nubian. [cite book|title="HR Giger's Alien"|author=HR Giger|publisher=Sphinx|year=1979|page=60] The casting director found 7'2", rail-thin graphic designer Bolaji Badejo in a local pub. Badejo went to tai chi and mime classes to learn how to slow down his movements.

According to critic Ximena Gallardo, the alien's combination of sexually evocative physical and behavioral characteristics creates, "a nightmare vision of sex and death. It subdues and opens the male body to make it pregnant, and then explodes it in birth. In its adult form, the alien strikes its victims with a rigid phallic tongue that breaks through skin and bone. More than a phallus, however, the retractable tongue has its own set of snapping metallic teeth that connects it to the castrating vagina dentata."

Characteristics

Continuing advancements made in the field of special effects technology as the series progressed have led to numerous variations in the creature's design, including varying numbers of fingers, limb joints and head design.

When standing upright, the aliens are vaguely bipedal in form, though they adopt a more hunched, quadrupedal stance when walking or sprinting. They have a skeletal, biomechanical appearance and are usually colored in muted shades of black, blue or bronze. Aliens do not radiate, as their body heat matches the ambient temperature of the environment they are found. In most of the films, adult aliens have the ability of running and crawling along ceilings and walls. They have great physical strength, having been shown to be capable of breaking through welded steel doors.

Aliens have segmented, blade-tipped tails. The sharp tip was initially a small, scorpion-like barb, but from "Aliens" onwards the blade design increased in size and changed in appearance to more closely resemble a slashing weapon.cite video|people=Paul W.S. Anderson (writer/director)|title="Alien vs. Predator"|medium=DVD|publisher=20th Century Fox|year=2005] From "Alien Resurrection" onwards, the tails have a flat ridge of spines at the base of the blade. This was introduced to help them swim convincingly, and was left intact in the subsequent cross-overs. The original shooting script for "Aliens" and the novelization both featured a scene in which Lieutenant Gorman is "stung" by the barb tail and rendered unconscious. [ [http://www.planetavp.com/al/Biology/LifeCycle/ PlanetAVP] URL last accessed 23 February 2006.] In the final cut of the movie, Gorman is knocked out by falling crates. However, it is clear from the films that the aliens do have some means of rendering their victims unconscious in order to capture or cocoon them, as Newt and Miller are both seen awaking, cocooned, from a groggy state, prior to being attacked by a facehugger. As a weapon, the strength of the tail is very great, having been shown to be strong enough to impale and lift a Predator or an android with seemingly little effort. They are also adept at using their tails as blunt weapons, sometimes to deadly effect, as seen in "Alien".

They have elongated, cylindrical skulls but possess no visible eyes, though in the original "Alien" film, the top of the creature's head was semi-transparent, with empty eye sockets of human appearance visible within. This element was re-used for the "Predalien" 29 years later. How the creatures see is uncertain. In "Alien³", a fisheye lens [ [http://youtube.com/watch?v=HKX3Y1n-_xQ YouTube - Jude's death ] ] was used to illustrate the alien's point of view. In the novelization of the movie "Alien", the creature is held mesmerized by a spinning green light for several minutes. In "Aliens", the adult creatures have a more textured head rather than a smooth carapace. In the commentary for "Aliens", it was speculated that this was part of the maturation of the creatures, as they had been alive far longer than the original alien. Elsewhere in the DVD extras, Cameron said that while preparing for "Aliens", he was allowed access to many of the original props used in "Alien" by Bob Burns, and when the alien head prop arrived the smooth, translucent cover had become detached, revealing the ribbed details underneath. Cameron liked the ribbed appearance so much that he decided to keep the look for the design of his aliens.Fact|date=March 2008 The smooth design of the carapace would be used again in "Alien³" and "Alien Resurrection", although made narrower with a longer muzzle and more prominent chin. This design would be kept in "Alien versus Predator"cite book | author = Gillis, Alec & Woodruff, Tom| title = "AVP: Alien vs Predator: The Creature Effects of ADI"| year = 2004| pages = 128| id = ISBN 1845760042] and abandoned in "Aliens versus Predator: Requiem" in favor of the ribbed design.

Alien blood is an extremely potent acid and is capable of corroding on contact almost any substance with alarming speed. It is dull yellowish-green in color, and seems to be pressurized inside the body so that it spurts out when punctured. Shusett suggested the idea that the creature have acid blood as a plausible means to make the creature "unkillable"; if one were to use traditional firearms or explosives to attack it, its blood would eat through the hull of the ship. [Ronald Shusett in "The Alien Saga"; "Alien" Legacy DVD box set] The "Alien" novelization suggests that, at least at the "facehugger" stage, the acid is not blood but a fluid maintained under pressure between a double layer of skin.Citation
last =Foster
first =Alan Dean
author-link =Alan Dean Foster
last2 =O'Bannon
first2 =Dan
author2-link =Dan O'Bannon
year = 1979
date =
title =Alien
place =
publisher =
edition =
volume =
id =
isbn =0354044362
url =] In later films in the series, the aliens are shown to be conscious of the effects of their acidic blood, and even use it to their advantage.In the "Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem" documentary: "Science of the Alien", it is theorized that the aliens acid blood could be some type of hydro sulphuric acid composition due to its corrosiveness and the conspicuously toxic effects on living human tissue. The documentary also speculates that Aliens are immune to their own acidic and toxic liquids due to a endobiological build-up not entirely unlike the human stomach's ability to protect itself from its digestive fluids. The documentary takes this theory one step further and speculates that the Alien organisms protection system against its own toxic hydro sulphuric acid is protecting the rest of the organism with what is basically a bio-organic produced teflon isolation. [ [Shane Salerno (writer) Colin and Greg Strause (directors). (2008). "Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem" [DVD] . 20th Century Fox.] ]

Aliens can produce a thick, strong resin that they use to build their hives and cocoon victims. They also salivate profusely. In the original "Alien", the facehugger is shown to be able to "spit" acid, melting the faceplate to Kane's helmet and allowing the creature immediate access to the inside. This ability is also exhibited by adult aliens in "Alien³" and "Alien Resurrection"; much like a spitting cobra, they use it to blind and immobilize their victims.cite video|people=Joss Whedon (writer)and Jean-Pierre Jeunet|title=""|medium=DVD|publisher=20th Century Fox|year=1997]

Although they do not demonstrate human-level intelligence as a species, events on the LV-426 colony and USM Auriga showed that the species excels at observational learning. In both cases, the aliens managed to learn how to operate the machinery of their mechanized environments at a very basic level. On LV-426, the aliens were able to cut the power from a section of the LV-426 complex to allow themselves access to the humans. The queen was able to learn how to operate a giant elevator simply by observing it once. In the director's commentary for "Aliens", James Cameron noted that the creatures in "Aliens" had been alive for far longer than the alien in the original, and so had more time to learn how to manipulate machinery. With the exception of the "Newborn", Aliens have demonstrated little actual emotion, save for self preservation and maternal instincts toward their eggs.

Throughout their appearances, human spawned Aliens have been shown to have a fluctuating number of fingers. In "Alien" and "Alien 3", the creature has webbed, six fingered hands. The number of fingers is reduced to three in "Aliens", and are shown to be much longer and more skeletal. In "Alien Resurrection", the number of digits is increased to four, with two long middle fingers and a pair of thumbs. This design is kept in the "Alien versus Predator" films, though the hands were made bulkier in order to make the Aliens seem more formidable against the Predators.

Aliens have been alternately portrayed as both plantigrade and digitigrade organisms, usually in accordance to their host. Human spawned aliens were usually portrayed as having humanoid hind limbs, while in "Alien³", the featured Alien sported double-jointed legs due to its quadrupedal host. This characteristic would be continued in "Alien Resurrection" for the human-spawned aliens. Tom Woodruff, who had previously played the "dog-alien" in "Alien³", described the human spawned aliens in "Resurrection" as feeling more like a dog than the previous creature, despite having been born from human hosts.cite web
title=Beauties and the Beast
author=Hochman, David
publisher="Entertainment Weekly"
date=1997-12-05
url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,290562,00.html
accessdate=2008-01-31] The human spawned Alien warriors would revert back to a plantigrade posture in "Alien vs Predator".

Life cycle

Aliens are depicted as eusocial lifeforms with a defined caste system which is ruled by a queen. Their life cycle comprises several distinct stages: they begin their lives as an egg, which hatches a parasitic larval form known as a facehugger, which then attaches itself to a living host by, as its name suggests, latching onto its face. The facehugger then "impregnates" the host with an embryo known as a chestburster, which, after gestation, erupts violently from the host's chest, killing it. The chestburster then matures to an adult phase within a few hours. The Alien takes on some of the attributes of the host it was attached to.

Queen

Queen aliens are significantly larger and stronger than the warriors, approximately 4.5 meters (15 feet) tall. [ [http://www.sideshowtoy.com/cgi-bin/category.cgi?category=082504alien2 Sideshowtoy] . URL last accessed 15 February 2006.] Their body structure differs also, having two pairs of arms, one large and one small, and being built more similarly to a theropod than a humanoid. Queens have a much larger brain case than the average adults, protected by a large flat crest above their heads. Unlike other xenomorphs, the Queen also has high heel protrusions from her feet. The Queen also seems to have increased intelligence compared to the other lifecycle stages, as the Queen on LV-426 was able to learn to operate an elevator. Pregnant alien queens possess an immense ovipositor on their lower torso, similar to a queen termite's, which is responsible for creating facehugger eggs. The queen is able to detach from the ovipositor. When attached to her ovipositor, the queen is supported by a "biomechanical throne" [James Cameron, "Alien Evolution: Aliens"] that consists of a lattice of struts resembling massive insect legs. Unlike insect queens, there appears to be no need for drones to fertilize an alien queen's eggs. Smaller drones are only mentioned in the novelization of "Aliens" by Alan Dean Foster, where they transport eggs from the egg chamber into the hive. [Furthermore, a fertilization of an egg with "gelée royale" was only hypothesized by the character Bishop in Foster's novelization.] The newest film installment, "Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem" also features a new form of oral implantation, by which the Predalien mimics the action of facehuggers, directly depositing chestburster embryos into a host via its inner jawColin Strause during an interview on the "AvP-R: Preparing for War: Development and Production" featurette, from the "Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem" Region 1 Extreme Unrated Set DVD] .

Concept and design

In the initial cut of "Alien", the alien possessed a complete life cycle, with the still-living bodies of its victims converted into eggs. However, the scene showing this final stage was cut for reasons of pacing, leaving the ultimate origin of the eggs obscure. This allowed "Aliens" director James Cameron to introduce a concept he had initially conceived for a spec script called "Mother","Aliens", film commentary, "Alien Quadrilogy" boxset] a massive mother alien which laid the eggs and formed the basis for the aliens' life cycle. Cameron conceived the Queen as a monstrous analogue to Ripley's own maternal role in the film. In that vein, some critics [ [http://web.nwe.ufl.edu/~jchapman/beowulf/beomain.html "The Alien Trilogy: A New Beowulf"] ] have compared her to Grendel's mother. [ [http://web.nwe.ufl.edu/~jchapman/beowulf/queenA.html "Alien Queen" in Cameron's "Aliens" (1986).] ]

The design of the queen was created by Cameron in collaboration with special effects artist Stan Winston, based upon an initial painting Cameron had done at the start of the project. The Winston Studio created a test foam core queen before constructing the full hydraulic puppet which was used for most of the scenes involving the large alien. Two people were inside working the twin sets of arms and puppeteers off-screen worked her jaws and head. Although at the end of the film the queen was presented full-body fighting the power-loader, the audience never sees the legs of the queen, save those of the small-scale puppet that appears only briefly. In "Aliens", Cameron used very selective camera-angles on the queen, using the 'less is more' style of photography. Subsequently the movie won an Oscar for Visual Effects. [ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090605/awards IMDB: "Aliens": Awards] ] An adult queen would reappear in "Alien Resurrection". The original mechanical head previously used in "Aliens" was provided by Bob Burns. She was repainted with a blend of green and brown, giving her a shimmering, insect-like quality. This color concept would be abandoned in "Alien versus Predator" in favour of the original black color scheme.

In the climax of the 2004 film "Alien vs. Predator" the queen's basic design was altered to make her more "streamlined" in appearance and her over-all size was increased to 6 meters (20 feet) tall. Other changes include the removal of the "high-heel" protrusions on her legs, including additional spines on her head and making her waist thinner because there was no need for puppeteers inside her chest. The animatronic laying queen had 47 points of hydraulic motion.

Egg

The eggs laid by the queen are large, ellipsoidal leathery objects about one meter high with a four-lobed opening at the top. As a potential host approaches, the egg's lobes unfold like flower petals, and the parasitic facehugger explodes from within. Giger initially designed the eggs with a much more obviously vaginal appearance, complete with an "inner and outer vulva".Giger p. 46] The producers complained that Catholic countries would ban the film if the allusion was too strong, so Giger doubled the lobes to four, so that, in his words, "seen from above, they would form the cross that people in Catholic countries are so fond of looking at." The interior of the original egg was composed of "Nottingham lace", which is the lining of a cow's stomach. The quick shot of the facehugger erupting from the egg was done with sheep's intestine. Initially the egg remained totally stationary save for the hydraulic movement of the lobes; however, by "Alien: Resurrection" the entire egg was made to ripple as it opened.

Facehugger

A facehugger is the second stage in the alien's life-cycle. Its eight long, bony, finger-like legs allow it to crawl rapidly, and its long tail can launch it in great leaps. These particular appendages give them an appearance somewhat comparable to chelicerate arthropods such as arachnids and horseshoe crabs.

The facehugger is a parasitoid; its only purpose is to make contact with the host's mouth for the implantation process, by gripping its legs around the victim's head and wrapping its tail around the host's neck. Upon making contact, the facehugger tightens its tail around the host's neck in order to render it unconscious through oxygen deprivation. The facehugger then inserts a proboscis down the host's throat, supplying it with oxygen whilst simultaneously implanting an embryo. Attempts to remove facehuggers generally prove fatal, as the parasite will respond by tightening its grip, and the facehugger's acidic blood prevents it from being safely cut away.

A facehugger has been observed shedding its cells and replacing them with polarized silicon in order to better survive in adverse environmental conditions. At least one facehugger has been shown to be capable of surviving exposure to the hostile environment of the moon LV-426, where temperatures were cold enough to freeze carbon dioxide. Once the alien embryo is safely implanted, the facehugger detaches and dies.

Design

Giger's original design for the facehugger was a much larger creature with eyes and a spring-loaded tail. Later, in response to comments from the filmmakers, Giger reduced the creature's size substantially.HR Giger, "The Beast Within: The Making of Alien", Alien Quadrilogy Box-set] At first Giger assumed that the facehugger would wrap around the outside of the astronaut's helmet, but Scott decided that it would have far more impact if the facehugger were revealed once the helmet were removed. Scott and Giger realised that the facehugger could burn through the helmet's faceplate with its acid blood; subsequent redesigns of the space helmet included a far larger faceplate to allow for this. [Giger 52] Dan O'Bannon initially conceived the facehugger as somewhat resembling an octopus, possessing tentacles. However, when he received HR Giger's designs, which substituted tentacles with fingerlike digits, he thought Giger's design concept superior. Since no one was available at the time, O'Bannon decided to design the facehugger prop himself. The technical elements of the musculature and bone were added by Ron Cobb. Giger's initial design for the smaller facehugger had the fingers facing forward, but O'Bannon's redesign shifted the legs to the side. When the foam rubber sculpture of the facehugger was produced, O'Bannon asked that it should remain unpainted, believing the rubber, which resembled human skin, was more plausible. [Dan O'Bannon, audio commentary, "Alien", from the "Alien Quadrilogy DVD set]

Chestburster

After implantation, facehuggers die and the embryo's host wakes up afterwards showing no considerable outward negative symptoms. Symptoms build acutely after detachment of the facehugger, the most common being sore throat, slight nausea, increased congestion and moderate to extreme hunger. In later stages where the incubation period is extended in preparation of a queen birth, symptoms will include a shortness of breath, exhaustion, and hemorrhaging (detectable through biological scanners and present in nosebleeds or other seemingly random bleeding incidents), as well as chest pains inflicted either in lack of chest space due to the chestburster's presence, or even premature attempts to escape the host. The incubating embryo may take on some of the host's DNA or traits, such as bipedalism, quadrupedalism or also having mandiblescite video|people=Shane Salerno (writer) Colin and Greg Strause (directors)|title=|medium=DVD|publisher=20th Century Fox|year=2008] and other body structure changes. Over the course of 1-24 hours (indeterminable in some cases, and sometimes up to a week, in the case of some queens), the embryo develops into a chestburster, at which point it emerges, violently ripping open the chest of the host.

Design

The chestburster was designed by "Alien" director Ridley Scott and special effects artist Roger Dicken. [http://books.google.com/books?id=4ecFu4B_CpoC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=chestburster+roger+dicken&source=web&ots=m0mCKTtAB9&sig=qmXk9zZSd6XdfHDqHzR_rtdAPzE Alien Woman: The Making of Lt Ellen Ripley] Ximena Gellardo, 2006] Giger had produced a model of a chestburster that resembled a "degenerate plucked turkey" [Giger p. 56] and was far too large to fit inside a ribcage. Much to Giger's chagrin, his model reduced the production team to fits of laughter on sight."Alien Evolution", in the Alien Quadrilogy box set] Scott drafted a series of alternate designs for the chestburster based on the philosophy of working "back [from the adult] to the child" and ultimately produced "something phallic," so Dicken was given the task to design it. The chestburster in the original "Alien" was armless but arms were added in "Aliens" to facilitate the creature crawling its way out of its host's corpse.cite book | author = Jody Duncan & James Cameron| title = The Winston Effect: The Art and History of Stan Winston Studio | year = 2007 | pages = pp.336 | id = ISBN 1845761502 ] This concept would be abandoned in "Alien Resurrection" and subsequent films.

Growth and maturity

When a chestburster erupts from the body of its host, it is less than 1-foot tall. However, it soon undergoes a dramatic growth spurt, reaching adult size in a matter of hours; in "Alien" the chestburster had grown to 2 meters in height by the time the "Nostromo" crew located it again. [In "Aliens" Ripley claims that the creature killed the entire crew in 24 hours, so the growth stage must be under 1 day] The chestburster is shown to have molted before reaching maturity.

Alternate life-cycles

In "Alien: Director's Cut", the creature has another method of reproduction, whereby it transformed humans into eggs, as shown when Ripley discovers Brett and Dallas, cocooned in a gel-like substance. Brett has already half-way morphed into a distinctly egg-like mass. This method of reproduction allows an alien a complete individual life-cycle, without the need for a queen. [From "Alien" Director's Cut. 1:30:20-1:32:30 - (hours:minutes:seconds)] The alien was described in the bonus DVD as being "ambi-sextrous." However, since this scene was cut in the final released version of the film, Cameron later went on to develop his idea for the queen in Aliens which would mass produce eggs. Thus, the canonicity of the original method remains uncertain, but is still reconcilable, if it is simply assumed to be the way in which isolated aliens reproduce in the absence of a queen. The same way of reproduction was also presented in "Alien Versus Predator" game for Atari Jaguar. There, while playing as Alien, player could transform humans into egg-like cocoons, similar to that shown in the scene from the movie.

In another omitted scene from the script for "Alien³", these eggs were actually cocoons, inside of which a human was painfully transformed into a full-grown alien, which then emerges from the cocoon like a perversion of a butterfly. This non-canon tertiary version of reproduction bypasses queens and facehuggers entirely. However, this scene was never filmed.Fact|date=March 2008

In "Alien³", another addition, a 'super facehugger' that would carry the embryo of the queen alien, was planned but ultimately dropped.Alien3: "Adaptive Organism: Creature Design," from the Alien Quadrilogy boxset.] The super-facehugger is briefly glimpsed in the Assembly cut of "Alien³"', but not identified as such. [Alien3: Assembly cut]

Interspecific hybridization

"Dog alien"

The "Dog alien", also known as the "Bambi burster", or "Runner alien" in the expanded universe stories, was introduced in "Alien³". The creature itself shares the same basic physical conformation and instincts as the other aliens shown in the previous films, although there are several differences due to the host it was spawned from (a dog in the theatrical cut, an ox in the extended edition). The Dog Alien in its Chestburster form is a miniature version of the adult, unlike the larva-like human spawned chestbursters. The adult is primarily quadrupedal, has double jointed hind legs and lacks the dorsal tubes of the human-spawned variety.

Concept and credit controversy

Originally, H.R. Giger was approached on July 28, 1990 by David Fincher and Fred Zinnemann, and was asked to redesign his own creations for "Alien³". Giger's new designs included an aquatic face-hugger and a four-legged version of the adult Alien. Giger said in an interview; "I had special ideas to make it more interesting. I designed a new creature, which was much more elegant and beastly, compared to my original. It was a four-legged Alien, more like a lethal feline - a panther or something. It had a kind of skin that was built up from other creatures - much like a symbiosis." However, when Tom Woodruff and Alec Gillis of Amalgamated Dynamics told Giger that they had their own design, Giger expressed himself as "very upset" and that the creature he had especially designed was his "baby". Even after the production severed contact, Giger continued to fax suggestions to Fincher because of his enthusiasm for the project, and made full-scale drawings and a sculpt of the Alien, all of which were rejected.

Giger would later be angered by the end credits of the released film presenting him as merely the creator of the original creature, and the fact that ADI personnel gave a series of interviews that minimized Giger's contribution. Fox eventually reimbursed Giger, but only after he refused to be interviewed for their behind-the-scenes documentary of "Alien³".

The Academy Awards overlooked Giger's contribution to "Alien³". However, Ridley Scott included Giger's name along with nominees Carlo Rambaldi and Richard Johnson in the 1980 Academy Awards. Fox, at the time "Alien³" was released, pointed out that studios are precluded from submitting nominees in the effects category directly to the Academy. This upset Giger so much that at one point he sent Academy president Karl Malden a fax with this closing comment: "I am under the strong impression that my contribution to the visual effects of the nominated movie has been intentionally suppressed," signing the letter with a large black pentagram.

Giger however would comment that he thought the resulting film was "okay" and that the Alien was "better than in the second film." [ [http://www.hrgiger.com/frame.htm HR Giger - The Official Website ] ]

'Newborn Human/Alien Hybrid'

In "", due to significant genetic tampering in an attempt to recover DNA from the deceased Ellen Ripley and the alien queen within her, the resulting cloned aliens show a number of minor human traits. The cloned Queen eventually ceases to lay eggs and gives live birth to a humanoid mutant. Physically, the human-alien Newborn is very different from its brethren, being larger, with pale, translucent skin, a skull-shaped face with eyes, a human tongue and complete absence of a tail. The Newborn fails to bond with its alien queen mother and kills her. Instead, the Newborn sees the Ripley clone as a surrogate parent.

Concept and creation

The Newborn creature was originally scripted by Joss Whedon as being an eyeless, ivory-white quadruped with red veins running along the sides of its head. It had an inner jaw, with the addition of a pair of pincers on the sides of its head. These pincers would have been used to immobilise its prey as it drained it of blood through the inner jaw. The creature was also meant to rival the Queen in size. [ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118583/trivia Alien: Resurrection (1997) - Trivia ] ]
Jean-Pierre Jeunet later asked ADI to lean towards making the human-alien hybrid, known as the Newborn, more human than alien. An early concept was to replicate Sigourney Weaver's image, although the crew felt it was too similar to Sil from the 1995 movie "Species".Fact|date=July 2008 The Newborn's eyes and nose were added to improve its expressions to make it a character, rather than just a "killing machine", and give it depth as a character. Jeunet was adamant about the Newborn having genitalia, a mix of both sexes. However, Fox was uncomfortable and even Jeunet felt "even for a Frenchman, it's too much.""Unnatural Mutation - Creature Design", "Alien Quadrilogy", 2003, 20th Century Fox] The genitalia were digitally removed in post-production. The Newborn animatronic required nine puppeteers and was the most complex animatronic in the film.

"Predalien"

This variation is the result of a facehugger impregnating a Predator. The 'Predalien' was first depicted in a painting by Dave Dorman, and subsequently featured in the "Aliens versus Predator" comics and games. [ [http://www.avpgalaxy.net/alienfilms.php?section=predalien AvPGalaxy - Predalien ] ] A Predalien chestburster debuts in the final scene of "Alien vs. Predator", but it is not until "Aliens versus Predator: Requiem" that an adult hybrid makes its first movie appearance.

The Predalien shares many characteristics with its host, such as tentacle-like dreadlocks, mandibles, skin color and similar vocalizations. It is a large, bulky creature, and possesses physical strength greater than human-spawned aliens. Like human-born aliens, it is also shown to be stronger than its host species, as evidenced by its ability to pin, push, and knock a Predator away with ease. In "Aliens versus Predator: Requiem", the Predalien is shown to have also inherited its hosts habit of skinning its victims, and removing their spines. It is also a young queen, and features a new method of reproduction: it seizes its victim's face and forcefully deposits chestburster embryos down the throat via its secondary mouth. Only female, who are with child, victims are portrayed on-screen being attacked in this manner. Subsequent adult Aliens born this way inherit the traits of their host, displaying no residual Predator traits. Since this method has only been used on pregnant women, it is presumed that the chestburster embryos need a unborn child, thus turning the unborn child into two or more chestbursters. Shortly, the chestbursters burst out of the women's pregnant stomach, killing them in the process.

Though maintaining the basic design shown in the "Aliens versus Predator" video games, numerous changes occurred in its film portrayal. One abandoned concept was to have the Predalien reproduce by injecting victims with "DNA acid" through its tail. The injection would result in the victim's stomach swelling and exploding, birthing a new Predalien hybrid. Some comics also depict various Alien and Predator crossbreeds, sometimes the result of genetic tampering.

Cultural impact

In the years since the release of "Alien", the alien has become one of the world's most recognized movie monsters and a pop-cultural icon. In 2003, the alien was voted as the 14^th most memorable screen villain by the American Film Institute. [cite web|title=AFI's 100 YEARS...100 HEROES & VILLAINS|work=American Film Institute|url=http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/handv.aspx|accessdate=2008-02-25]
Blondie co-founder Chris Stein, who is a friend of Giger, pondered in interview, "I'd like to see someone even vaguely compile how many versions of the Alien are floating around the world in models and stuff; there must be close to 100,000–little toys, things. All the Japanese horror comics just plunder his style." [cite web|title=The Talented Mr Giger|author=Romy Ashby|work=space.com|url=http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/movies/giger_000330.html|year=2000|accessdate=2008-02-25] Examples of alien-inspired works include the classic video games "Contra" [cite web|title=History of Contra|work=Gaming Target|url=http://www.gamingtarget.com/article.php?artid=5592|accessdate=2008-02-25] and "Metroid". [cite web|title=IGN Presents The History of Metroid|work=IGN|url=http://uk.games.ign.com/articles/815/815011p1.html|accessdate=2008-03-16]

Also, the Alien and Ripley from the original 1979 film are featured in Animatronic form on the Great Movie Ride, in Disney's Hollywood Studios.

The Aliens have appeared in many crossovers (including a large number of intercompany crossovers) in comic books and other media such as novels, toys and video games. Crossovers include encounters with Terminators, Judge Dredd, Green Lanterns, Batman and Superman. The largest of these crossovers is the "Alien vs. Predator" franchise, in which the Aliens battle the Predators. This was an idea that came to comic book artist Chris Warner in early 1989. He and other people at Dark Horse Comics were trying to come up with a good character combo for a new comics series. Dark Horse had been publishing "Aliens" comic book under license from 20th Century Fox since 1987. In 1990, the first depiction of the idea in film appeared in "Predator 2", when an Alien skull, sculpted by Kevin Hudson appeared as one of the trophies in the Predator spacecraft.

Aliens have also been comically featured in science fiction parodies. Examples include Mel Brooks' "Spaceballs", in which a Chestburster imitates Michigan J. Frog and "The ChubbChubbs!", in which an adult Alien warrior is shown drinking from a straw through its inner jaws.

ee also

* Castes and traits of Aliens in expanded universe
* Aliens (comic book)
* Space Jockey
* Predator (alien)

Citations

References

*"Alien" - Released on May 25, 1979 - [http://www.planetavp.com/amr/html/scripts/alien1.txt On-line script] . Retrieved 2 March 2007.
*"Aliens" - Released on June 18, 1986 - [http://www.planetavp.com/amr/html/scripts/aliens2.txt On-line script] . Retrieved 2 March 2007.
*"Alien³" - Released on May 22, 1992 - [http://www.planetavp.com/amr/html/scripts/Alien3Fin.txt On-line script] . Retrieved 2 March 2007.
*"Alien: Resurrection" - Released on November 26, 1997 - [http://www.planetavp.com/amr/html/scripts/a4shoot.txt On-line script] . Retrieved 2 March 2007.
*cite web | author=Goldman, Willie| year=| title=Sideshow Collectibles, Inc. | format=| work=HAIL to THE QUEEN | url=http://www.sideshowtoy.com/cgi-bin/category.cgi?category=082504alien2| accessdate = 2006-02-15
*cite web | author=Nathan| year=| title=PlanetAVP.com | format=| work=Alien universe| url=http://www.planetavp.com/amr/| accessdate = 2006-02-15
*cite web | author=Internet Movie Database |year=| title=IMDb.com |format=| work= Awards for Aliens|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090605/awards| accessdate = 2006-02-17
*cite web | author="Unknown author" |year=Last updated 2002| title= Alien Collectors Homeworld|format=| work= Xenomorph.org |url=http://www.Xenomorph.org/| accessdate = 2006-02-18
*cite web | author="Unknown author" |year=| title= Predalien|format=| work= Predalien information|url=http://www.predalien.com/| accessdate = 2006-02-18
*"Aliens versus Predator" (computer game).
*"Aliens versus Predator 2" (computer game).
*"Aliens Colonial Marines Technical Manual", HarperCollins 1996, ISBN 0-06-105343-0.
*" (computer game) [http://www.mobygames.com/game/aliens-a-comic-book-adventure]