Common Ground Dove

Common Ground Dove
Common Ground Dove
near Salton Sea, California, USA
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes
Family: Columbidae
Genus: Columbina
Species: C. passerina
Binomial name
Columbina passerina
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The Common Ground Dove (Columbina passerina) is a small bird that inhabits the southern United States, parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. The Common Ground Dove is considered to be the smallest dove that inhabits the United States. As its same suggests the bird spends the majority of its time on the ground walking but still has the ability to fly.

Contents

Description

The Common Ground Dove is small dove with an average wingspan of 7.5cm (10.5 inches) and an average length of 17cm (6.5 inches). The common ground dove weighs on average 31g (1.1 oz) [1]. The Common Ground Dove has a yellow beak with a black tip. Feathers surrounding the beak are pink in colour. The feathers on the head and the upper breast have a scale like appearance. The tail feathers are very short and similar colour to the back. The plumage on the back of the bird is brown the coverts and wing feathers are also brown but have black spotting on them. The Common Ground Dove has chestnut primaries and wing borders, which can only been seen when the bird is flying. The Common Ground Dove shows some sexual dimorphism in their plumage. The males have slate gray feathers on the top of their heads and pink-gray colouration on their belly. Females on the other hand are more gray than their male counterparts and are more evenly coloured [2].

Taxonomy

The Common Ground Dove is member of the genus Columbina, which are the new world ground doves. There are six other members in this genus including the Inca Dove (Columbina inca) and the Scaled Dove (Columbina squammata). The genus Columbina is in the family Columbidae within the order Columbiformes, which are commonly known as the pigeons and doves.

There are also 15 different subspecies or races, which differ mainly in geographical location [3].

The subspecies are as follows:
Columbina passerina pallescens (Baird, 1860): Found in the southwest of the United States to central Texas and down through Mexico to Honduras. Males are considered to be paler and females have more white on their underbelly.
Columbina passerina socorroensis (Ridgeway, 1887): Found on Socorro Island near Mexico. They are darker brown than Columbina passerina pallescens and have shorter wings as well.
Columbina passerina neglecta (Carriker, 1910): From Central America specifically south Honduras to western Panama. They have darker feathers then Columbina passerina pallescens.
Columbina passerina passerina (Linnaeus, 1758): Found in the southeastern United States specifically southeast Texas to northern North Carolina. This is the typical common ground dove described above.
Columbina passerina bahamensis (Maynard, 1887): Found in Bermuda and in the Bahamas.
Columbina passerina aflavida (Palmer and Riley, 1902): Can be found in Cuba and the Isle of Pines. These doves are larger than usual with males having darker brown underparts. Also both males and females have darker bills.
Columbina passerina insularis (Ridgway, 1888): Found on the Cayman Islands and Hispaniola. Both its back and chest are darker than Columbina passerina bahamensis.
Columbina passerina jamaicensis (Maynard, 1899): Found in Jamaica and has a pale beak with males being very dark on the underbelly.
Columbina passerina umbrina (Buden, 1985): Found on Ile de la Tortue near Haiti. Darker on the back and the bottom part of their beak is darker.
Columbina passerina exigua (Riley, 1905): Found only on Mona Island near Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
Columbina passerina portoricensis (Lowe, 1908): Found on Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Similar to Columbina passerina nigrirostris but the lower part of the beak is red.
Columbina passerina nigrirostris (Danforth, 1935): Found from The north part of the Lesser Antilles, Anguilla, Dominica and on St. Croix.
Columbina passerina trochila (Bonaparte 1855): Found on St. Lucia and Martinique. These birds have a grayish green colouration on their chest and have chestnut tail feathers.
Columbina passerina antillarum (Lowe, 1908): Found on St. Vincent Island, the Grenadines, Grenada, Barbados and the south Antilles.

Habitat and Distribution

It is found in the southern tip of United States, most of Mexico, parts of Central America, the Caribbean islands and the northern tip of South America. The common ground dove does not migrate and is a year long resident in the areas they are found [4].

The Common Ground Dove lives in open areas that have trees and bushes. They are also found in forests with sandy areas, farmlands, and savannahs and near human infrastructure. Common ground doves seem to hold territories but they are rarely aggressive when dealing with intruders [5].

Behaviour

Vocalizations

The Common Ground Dove call can be described as soft whoops that increase in pitch. Often the call is heard in repetition, and is quite distinct [6]. To hear the call of the common ground dove see the external links for a link to a website.

Diet

The Common Ground Dove is a ground gleaner as such it forages on the ground feeding on vegetation, seeds and fruits. It can also feed on insects and will feed from bird feeders if available to them. They often eat while they are still moving and searching for other food items [7]. Common Ground Doves can pull water into their mouth and swallow it with lifting their heads, which is a common feature shared with other members of its family [8].

Reproduction

The Common Ground Dove mates with its partner indefinitely. They build nests on the ground in vegetation or sometimes slightly off the ground in bushes. Their nests are quite simple, usually just a slight groove in the ground surrounded with plant material in a simple manner. The nests in bushes often are a simple structure of twigs and vegetation that are often fragile [9]. Common Ground Doves can become sexually active within 79 days after hatch [10]. Nesting can occur between February and October, however the peak nesting occurs between early April until mid May [11]. The common ground dove can have 2-3 broods in any given year. The common ground dove lays on average two white eggs that are incubated by both parents for 12-14 days. The hatchlings are altricial at birth and covered in a small amount of gray down feathers. The young birds can fledge in 11 days. Both parents feed the young birds until they are ready to feed themselves [12]

External links

References

  1. ^ Sibley, David Allen (2003). The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Eastern North America. Alfred F Knopf. p. 209
  2. ^ National Geographic (2006). Field Guide to the Birds of North America. (5th edition). Jon L. Dunn and Jonathan Alderfer. p. 246-247.
  3. ^ Bowman, R. (2002). Common ground dove: Columbina passerina. The Birds of North America 645:1-23.
  4. ^ http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/common_ground-dove/lifehistory
  5. ^ http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/common_ground-dove/lifehistory
  6. ^ National Geographic (2006). Field Guide to the Birds of North America. (5th edition). Jon L. Dunn and Jonathan Alderfer. p. 246-247.
  7. ^ Bowman, R. (2002). Common ground dove: Columbina passerina. The Birds of North America 645:1-23.
  8. ^ Bowman, R. (2002). Common ground dove: Columbina passerina. The Birds of North America 645:1-23.
  9. ^ . http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/common_ground-dove/lifehistory
  10. ^ Passmore, Michael F (1984). Reproduction by Juvenile Common Ground Doves in South Texas. The Wilson Bulletin 96(2): 241-248.
  11. ^ Bowman, Reed and Woolfenden, Glen E (1997). Nesting chronology of the common ground-dove in Florida and Texas. J. Field Ornithol. 68(4): 580-589.
  12. ^ Bowman, R. (2002). Common ground dove: Columbina passerina. The Birds of North America 645:1-23.
  • BirdLife International (2004). Columbina passerina. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 9 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern


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