Causus rhombeatus

Causus rhombeatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Subfamily:	Causinae
Genus:	Causus
Species:	C. rhombeatus
Binomial name
Causus rhombeatus (Lichtenstein, 1823)
Synonyms
Sepedon rhombeata - Lichtenstein, 1823 Col[uber]. v nigrum - F. Boie, 1827 Col[uber]. V. nigrum - Cuvier, 1829 [Causus] rhombeatus - Wagler, 1830 Naja rhombeatus - Schlegel, 1837 Aspedilaps rhombeatus - Jan, 1859 A[spedilaps]. (Causus) rhombeatus - Jan, 1863 Causus rhombeatus - Boulenger, 1896 C[ausus]. rhombeatus var. taeniata - Sternfeld, 1912 Causus rhombeatus rhombeatus - Laurent, 1956 Causus rhombeatus - FitzSimons, 1962 Sepedon rhombeatus - Elter, 1981 Causus rhombeatus - Golay et al., 1993[1]

Causus rhombeatus is a venomous viper species found in subsaharan Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized.^[2]

Description

With an average length of 60 cm, this is the largest member of the genus Causus. The longest individual ever recorded was a 93 cm male collected in eastern Zimbabwe.^[3]

The head has a snout that is relatively blunt (i.e. more rounded that other members of this genus), on the sides of which the nostrils are positioned. The circumorbital ring consists of 2-3 preoculars, 1-2 postoculars, and 1-2 suboculars that separate the eye from the supralabials. The temporal scales usually number 2+3, sometimes 2+4, but very rarely 2+2 or 3+3. There are 6 supralabial scales, very rarely 7. The sublabial scales usually number 7 or 10, rarely 8 and very rarely 11, 12 or 13. The first 3-4 sublabials are in contact with the chin shields. The posterior chin shields are small and often indistinguishable from the gulars.^[3]

At midbody there are 15-21 rows of dorsal scales that are moderately keeled and have a satiny texture. The ventral scales number 120-166, the subcaudals 15-36.^[3]

The color pattern consists of a ground color that is usually some shade of brown (possibly pinkish or grayish-brown), but occasionally olive green. This is overlaid with a pattern of 20-30 rhombic blotches that have pale edges, as well as a sprinkling of black scales and oblique black bars on the sides.^[4] Each oblique black bar is topped by one or two black spots, each with a pale centre, and strongly resembling an eye. Northern populations may be patternless,^[3] making them difficult to identify, while in others the pale edges may be missing, the rhombic blotches may be a darker color, or there may even be a dark brown vertebral stripe. The head has a characteristic V-shaped mark that may be solid black, or brown with a black outline.^[4]

Common names

Rhombic night adder,^[3][4] demon night adder, Cape night adder,^[5] African night adder, Cape viper.^[6]

Geographic range

Savannas of subsaharan Africa from Nigeria east to Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya, south through Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, DR Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, northern Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland, and eastern South Africa to Riverdale in the Western Cape Province. No type locality is listed.^[1]

Behavior

This is an active species that can often move relatively quickly—up to an estimated speed of 92 cm per second. They are usually found on the ground, but have no trouble climbing or swimming. They are largely nocturnal, but are often seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon. However, Harper (1963)^{[Full citation needed]} reported collecting a dozen specimens that were all active during the heat of the day.^[3]

Most specimens are docile, seldom attempting to bite unless severely provoked. FitzSimons is quoted in Pitman (1938)^{[Full citation needed]} as saying that that, in captivity, they "become so tame that you may allow them to creep, climb and slither round your neck and inside your garments." Others, however, are more temperamental.^[3]

When seriously disturbed, they will put on a "ferocious" threat display that includes coiling up, inflating the body (making the dark markings stand out), hissing and puffing loudly, flattening the anterior portion of the body, and striking frantically. They may also flatten the neck and move forward with the tongue extended, much like a small cobra. Striking is done with such vigor that small specimens may lift themselves off the ground entirely.^[3][4]

Feeding

The diet consists mainly of toads, but it also includes frogs and small mammals.^[7]

Reproduction

Females produce an average clutch of two dozen eggs that require a lengthy incubation period of approximately four months. The hatchlings are 10-12.5 cm in length and feed on tiny frogs and toads.^[7]

Venom

The few documented bites involved pain and minor swelling with minimal necrosis. These symptoms usually disappear within 2-3 days. There have been no modern well-documented cases to back up earlier claims of fatalities due to bites from this species.^[4] Venom yield has varied from 20-30 mg to 300 mg, but the venom toxicity is low with LD₅₀ values of 10.8, 14.6, >16.0 mg/kg IV and 15 mg/kg SC being reported.^[3]

See also

• Causinae by common name
• Causinae by taxonomic synonyms
• Snakebite

References

1. ^ ^{a b} McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
2. ^ "Causus rhombeatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634840. Retrieved 14 August 2006. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
5. ^ ^{a b} Brown JH. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
6. ^ U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
7. ^ ^{a b} Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.

External links

• Causus rhombeatus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 2 August 2007.
• Causus rhombeatus image at FotoTime. Accessed 6 June 2007.
• Causus rhombeatus image at Cape Reptile Institute. Accessed 6 June 2007.
• Causus rhombeatus image at CalPhotos. Accessed 6 June 2007.
• Video of various species, incl. C. rhombeatus on YouTube. Accessed 13 December 2007.