- Chris Hani
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Chris Hani
Chris Hani, born Martin Thembisile Hani (28 June 1942 – 10 April 1993) was the leader of the South African Communist Party and chief of staff of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). He was a fierce opponent of the apartheid government. He was assassinated on 10 April 1993.
Contents
Early life
Hani was born on 28 June 1942 in the small town of Cofimvaba in a rural village called kuSabalele Transkei. He was the fifth of six children. He attended Lovedale school and later studied modern and classical literature at the University of Fort Hare.[1]
Political career
At age 15 Hani joined the ANC Youth League. As a student he was active in protests against the Bantu Education Act. Following his graduation, he joined Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the armed wing of the ANC. Following his arrest under the Suppression of Communism Act, he went into exile in Lesotho in 1963.[1] He received military training in the Soviet Union and served in campaigns in the Rhodesian Bush War in what is now Zimbabwe. In Lesotho he was the target of assassination attempts, and he eventually moved to the ANC's headquarters in Lusaka, Zambia. As head of Umkhonto we Sizwe, he was responsible for the suppression of a mutiny by dissident ANC members in detention camps, but denied any role in abuses including torture and murder.[1]
He returned to South Africa following the unbanning of the ANC in 1990, and took over from Joe Slovo as head of the South African Communist Party in 1991. He supported the suspension of the ANC's armed struggle in favour of negotiations.[2] However, he stated that he would not rule out violence in a speech on National television shortly before his death.
Assassination
Chris Hani was assassinated on 10 April 1993 outside his home in Dawn Park, a racially-mixed suburb of Boksburg. He was accosted by a Polish far-right immigrant named Janusz Waluś, who shot him in the head as he stepped out of his car. Waluś fled the scene, but was arrested soon afterwards after Hani's neighbour, a white woman, called the police. Clive Derby-Lewis, a senior South African Conservative Party M.P., who had lent Waluś his pistol, was also arrested for complicity in Hani's murder.[3]
Hani's assassination was part of a plot by the far-right in South Africa to derail the negotiations to end apartheid.[4]
Historically, the assassination is seen as a turning point. Serious tensions followed the assassination, with fears that the country would erupt in violence. Nelson Mandela addressed the nation appealing for calm, in a speech regarded as 'presidential' even though he was not yet president of the country:[5]
“ Tonight I am reaching out to every single South African, black and white, from the very depths of my being. A white man, full of prejudice and hate, came to our country and committed a deed so foul that our whole nation now teeters on the brink of disaster. A white woman, of Afrikaner origin, risked her life so that we may know, and bring to justice, this assassin. The cold-blooded murder of Chris Hani has sent shock waves throughout the country and the world. ... Now is the time for all South Africans to stand together against those who, from any quarter, wish to destroy what Chris Hani gave his life for – the freedom of all of us. ” While riots did follow the assassination,[3] the two sides of the negotiation process were galvanised into action, and they soon agreed that democratic elections should take place on 27 April 1994, just over a year after Hani's assassination.[5]
Assassins' conviction and amnesty hearing
Both Janusz Waluś and Clive Derby-Lewis were sentenced to death for the murder. Clive Derby-Lewis's wife Gaye Derby-Lewis, also a senior Conservative Party figure, was acquitted. The two men's sentences were commuted to life imprisonment when the death penalty was abolished as a result of a Constitutional Court ruling in 1995.
Hani's killers appeared before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, claiming political motivation for their crimes and applying for amnesty on the basis that they had acted on the orders of the Conservative Party. The Hani family was represented by anti-apartheid lawyer George Bizos.[6] Their applications were denied when the TRC ruled that they were not acting on orders.[4] They are still in prison,[7] parole having been denied most recently by the Cape High Court on 17 March 2009.
Conspiracy theories surrounding assassination
Hani's assassination has attracted numerous conspiracy theories about outside involvement. The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, however, said that it "was unable to find evidence that the two murderers convicted of the killing of Chris Hani took orders from international groups, security forces or from higher up in the right-wing echelons." [8]
Influence
Hani was a charismatic leader, with significant support among the radical anti-apartheid youth. At the time of his death, he was the most popular ANC leader after Nelson Mandela, and was sometimes perceived as a rival to the more moderate party leadership.[4] Following the legalisation of the ANC, Hani's support for the negotiation process with the apartheid government was critical in keeping the militants in line.[9]
Honours
In 1994, French philosopher Jacques Derrida dedicated the critically acclaimed Specters of Marx to Hani.
In 1997, Baragwanath Hospital, one of the largest hospitals in the world, was renamed the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital in his memory.
In September 2004, Hani was voted 20th in the controversial Top 100 Greatest South Africans poll.
Days after his assassination, the rock group Dave Matthews Band (whose lead singer and guitarist, Dave Matthews, is from South Africa) began jamming on what would become #36. Hani was on Matthews' mind, and the repeated line "Hani, Hani, come and dance with me" became the chorus of the song. Later, Matthews believed the song to be too cheery for the subject matter, so he changed it to "Honey." A live favorite for years, the music evolved into the basic foundation of the 2001 single, Everyday. The introduction to the song in this latter form, a popular hit in 2001, starts with the crowd singing the "Honey" line, and the crowd and band occasionally use the reprise as an outro to the song as well.[10][11]
A short opera Hani by composer Bongani Ndodana-Breen with libretto by film producer Mfundi Vundla has been commissioned by Cape Town Opera and University of Cape Town premiering at the Baxter Theatre November 21, 2010. [12][13]
A township on the outskirts of Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu Natal, is named "Haniville" in his honour.
One of the Municipalities in the Eastern Cape was named the Chris Hani District. This district includes Queenstown and Lady Frere.
An all male residence at Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa is named after Chris Hani. The residence was opened in 2008 and accommodates 73 students.
References
- ^ a b c "Martin Thembisile (Chris) Hani". About.com. http://africanhistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa-BioChrisHani-a.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
- ^ Hani, Chris (February 1991). "My Life". South African Communist Party. http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?include=docs/biography/2006/hani.html. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
- ^ a b "Hani Truth hearing resumes". BBC News. 1998-03-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/65954.stm.
- ^ a b c "Hani killers denied amnesty". BBC News. 1999-04-07. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/313782.stm.
- ^ a b Sparks, Allister (1994). Tomorrow is Another Country. Struik.
- ^ "Waluś denies Hani killing was his idea". Dispatch. 1997-11-27. http://www.dispatch.co.za/1997/11/27/page%2019.htm.
- ^ "Amnesty Decision". Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 1999-04-07. http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/decisions/1999/990307_walusderbylewis.html. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
- ^ "Conclusions about the Chris Hani Assassination". Africanhistoryabout.com. http://africanhistory.about.com/od/apartheiddocuments/a/TRC-Hani.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ Mzamane, Nthoana and Mbulelo (July 1993). "Obituary: Hamba Kahle Chris Hani: 1942-1993". Southern Africa Report 9 (1): 22. http://www.africafiles.org/article.asp?ID=4047.
- ^ DMBAlmanac.com Song Listing for "#36"
- ^ Martell, Nevin. "Dave Matthews Band: Music for the People," page 57. Simon and Schuster, 2004.
- ^ Tonight - 'Bonsai opera' revitalises genre
- ^ Sunday Times - 'The Struggle Continues'
Categories:- 1942 births
- 1993 deaths
- People from the Eastern Cape
- Xhosa people
- Anti-apartheid activists
- Assassinated activists
- Assassinated South African politicians
- Deaths by firearm in South Africa
- People murdered in South Africa
- Rhodes University alumni
- University of Fort Hare alumni
- South African Communist Party politicians
- African National Congress politicians
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