The Education of Little Tree

"The Education of Little Tree" is a memoir-style fictional novel written under the pseudonym Forrest Carter by Asa Earl Carter. Since its first publication by Delacorte Press in 1976, the book has been the subject of acclaim. Many people have been drawn to its message of simple living, tradition, and love of nature. However, "The Education of Little Tree" has also been the subject of controversy after the publication of an article on October 4, 1991 by Dan T. Carter (a history professor and distant cousin of Asa Carter) called "The Transformation of a Klansman" in the "New York Times". This article described Asa Carter's past involvement with the Ku Klux Klan. [Carter, Dan T. " [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2DE1638F937A35753C1A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print The Transformation of a Klansman] ". "New York Times", October 4, 1991.]

The novel has spawned films, a sequel attempt and a number of graduate theses and scholarly articles. In 1985, the University of New Mexico Press bought the book's rights. It has since sold millions of copies, a rare level of success for a book distributed by an academic press, and won the 1991 American Booksellers Association Book of the Year (ABBY) award.

Plot summary

The fictional memoirs of Forrest "Little Tree" Carter begins in the late 1930s as the protagonist is given over into the care of his Cherokee grandparents, at the age of five years. The book was originally to be called "Me and Grandpa," according to the book's introduction. The story centers on a clever child's relationship with his Scottish-Cherokee grandfather, a man named Wales (an overlap with Carter's other fiction).

The boy's "Indian thinking" 'Granpa' and Cherokee 'Granma' call him 'Little Tree' and teach him about nature, farming, whiskey makin', mountain life, society, love and spirit by a combination of gentle guidance and encouragement of independent experience.

The story takes place during the fifth and sixth years of the boy's life, as he comes to know his new home in a remote mountain hollow. Granpa runs a small whiskey operation during Prohibition, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. The grandparents and visitors to the hollow expose Little Tree to supposed Cherokee ways and "mountain people" values. Encounters with outsiders, including "the law", "politicians," "guv'mint," city "slickers," and "Christians" of various types add to Little Tree's lessons, each phrased and repeated in catchy ways. (One of the syntactic devices the book uses frequently is to end paragraphs with short statements of opinion starting with the word 'which,' such as "Which is reasonable.")

The state eventually forces Little Tree into an orphanage, where he stays for a few months. At the orphanage, Little Tree suffers from the prejudice and ignorance of the orphanage caretakers toward Indians and the natural world. Little Tree is rescued by an old Indian friend who intimidates the Reverend in charge into allowing Little Tree's release.

Literary, Personal and Political Controversies

The book was part of a blossoming period for Native American memoirs and genre fiction, both before and after it was shown to be a fictional work posing as factual memoir. The controversies and discussions surrounding the story are generally centered on these main areas:
*the clash of the factual details depicted in the book with those of the author's life
*the clash between the cultural descriptions given in the book with traditional language and culture as reported by Cherokee reviewers
*the possible legitimacy of fictionalized memoirs by a member of a privileged class depicting life within an underprivileged class
*the book's possible racial sympathies and the possible intentions of the author

These issues are magnified by the author's racism earlier in life, and the fact that little personal information is known about Carter or his exact state of mind, outside of reports from his wife, between his withdrawal from political life and the publication of "The Education of Little Tree". Carter was an active participant in several white supremacist organizations, including the Ku Klux Klan and the White Citizens' Council. He was also a speechwriter for Alabama Governor George Wallace, for whom he allegedly wrote Wallace's famous line, "Segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever." Although Carter claimed to be part Cherokee, in 1970 he ran for governor of Alabama on a white supremacist platform. That said, it is believed by some that Carter wrote "The Education of Little Tree" from his childhood memories of his Cherokee uncle.

In the following years, Carter left Alabama, changed his name, and began his second career as an author, taking care to conceal his background. He even claimed categorically in a 1976 "New York Times" article that he, Forrest, was not Asa Carter. ["Is Forrest Carter Really Asa Carter? Only Josey Wales May Know for Sure" by Wayne Greenhaw, "The New York Times" Aug. 26, 1976.]

The publisher's remarks in the original edition of the book inaccurately describe Carter as "Storyteller in Council" to the Cherokee Nation. When Carter's background was widely publicized in 1991, the book was reclassified by the publisher as fiction. Today, a debate continues as to whether the book's lessons are altered by the identity of the author. As award-winning Native American author Sherman Alexie has said, "Little Tree" is a lovely little book, and I sometimes wonder if it is an act of romantic atonement by a guilt-ridden white supremacist, but ultimately I think it is the racial hypocrisy of a white supremacist." [ [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/06/AR2007110601431.html "Disputed Book Pulled From Oprah Web Site"] by Hillel Italie, Associated Press, November 6, 2007.]

Members of the Cherokee Nation have said that so-called "Cherokee" words and many customs in "The Education of Little Tree" are inaccurate, and some have said that the novel's characters are stereotyped. Several scholars and critics have agreed with this assessment, adding that Carter's treatment of Native Americans possibly plays into the romantic but racist conceit of the "Noble Savage."

When Carter died in 1979 he was working on "The Wanderings of Little Tree", a sequel to "The Education of Little Tree" and on a screenplay version of the book. Twelve years after Carter's death, the fact that Forrest Carter was actually Asa Earl Carter was again exposed (following the original 1976 New York Times expose) by Dan T. Carter, who was a distant cousin and history professor. The supposed autobiographical truth of "The Education of Little Tree" was revealed to be a hoax.

In 2007, Oprah Winfrey pulled the book from a list of recommended titles on her web site. While Winfrey had promoted the book on her TV show in 1994, calling the novel "very spiritual," after learning the truth about Carter she said she "had to take the book off my shelf." [ [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/06/AR2007110601431.html "Disputed Book Pulled From Oprah Web Site"] by Hillel Italie, Associated Press, November 6, 2007.]

Despite controversy surrounding the author's identity and legitimacy, "The Education of Little Tree" was critically acclaimed and won the 1991 American Booksellers Association Book of the Year (ABBY) award. In 1997, "The Education of Little Tree" was adapted into a made-for-TV movie but was instead given a theatrical release. Despite Carter's background, "The Education of Little Tree" remains a classic and much-loved story.

References

*Carter, Dan T. " [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2DE1638F937A35753C1A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print The Transformation of a Klansman] ." "New York Times," October 4, 1991.
*---. "Southern History, American Fiction: The Secret Life of Southwestern Novelist Forrest Carter." In "Rewriting the South: History and Fiction," ed. Lothar Honnighausen and Valeria Gennaro Lerda (Tubingen: Francke, 1993). 286-304.
*Gates, Henry Louis Jr. "'Authenticity', or the Lesson of Little Tree". "New York Times Book Review", November 24, 1991.
*Dave, Randall. " [http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article175400.ece The tall tale of Little Tree and the Cherokee who was really a Klansman] "
*McGurl, Mark. " [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/yale_journal_of_criticism/v018/18.2mcgurl.html Learning from Little Tree: The Political Education of the Counterculture.] " "Yale Journal of Criticism," Fall 2005

Notes

External links

*
* [http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/carter.html The Education of Little Tree and Forrest Carter]
* [http://www.masconomet.org/teachers/trevenen/liltree.html Trevenen, Thomas. "Notes on "The Education of Little Tree"."]