- Martha Dodd
-
Martha Eccles Dodd Born October 8, 1908
Ashland, VirginiaDied August 10, 1990 (aged 81)
Prague, Czech RepublicSpouse Alfred K. Stern Parents William Edward Dodd Martha Eccles Dodd (October 8, 1908 - August 10, 1990) was the daughter of William Dodd, who served as the United States ambassador to Germany between 1933 and 1937. She and her husband Alfred Stern furnished information to the Soviet Union from before World War II until the height of the Cold War.
Contents
Biography
Martha Dodd was born in Ashland, Virginia. She studied at the University of Chicago and also for a time in Washington and Paris. She served briefly as assistant literary editor of the Chicago Tribune.[1] Martha and her brother William E. Dodd, Jr. accompanied her father to Berlin when he took up the post of U.S. Ambassador in 1933. She initially found the Nazi movement attractive. She later wrote that she "became temporarily an ardent defender of everything going on" and admired the "glowing and inspiring faith in Hitler, the good that was being done for the unemployed."[2] She made a number of friends in high circles, and Ernst Hanfstaengl, her sometime lover and an aide to Adolf Hitler, tried to encourage a romantic relationship between Hitler and Dodd. Dodd found Hitler "excessively gentle and modest in his manners", but no romance followed their meeting.[2] She had numerous relationships while in Berlin, including one with Ernst Udet, a senior Luftwaffe officer, and another with Armand Berard of the French embassy, who was later to become his country's embassador to the United Nations.[3][4] She also had brief affairs with Americans Thomas Wolfe and Carl Sandburg [5] Other lovers included future Nobel Laureate Max Delbrück and the first head of the Gestapo, Rudolf Diels.[6]
Following the Night of the Long Knives, the Nazi purge of its paramilitary units in mid-1934, Dodd changed her views on the Nazis. People in her social circle were begging the Americans for help and the Dodd family found its phones tapped and their servants enlisted as spies. Her mother wrote that Dodd "got into a nervous state that almost bordered on the hysterical [and] had terrible nightmares".[2] She then became active in left-wing politics. In March 1934, the Soviet NKVD Center ordered one of their Berlin agents, Boris Vinogradov, who knew Dodd socially, to make Dodd a source of information.[7] Vinogradov and Dodd began a romantic relationship that lasted for years after he left Berlin and they eventually even wrote a letter to Joseph Stalin asking for permission to marry.[8] With Vinogradov's coaching, Martha Dodd decided to assist the Soviet Union.[9] Other agents soon replaced Vinogradov and Dodd worked with each of them while hoping to reconnect with Vinogradov.[7] Dodd informed the Soviets of secret embassy and State Department business and provided details of her father's reports to the State Department.[9] As part of her cover, she maintained a romantic relationship with Louis Ferdinand, grandson of the last German Kaiser.[10] Anticipating her father's retirement from his Berlin post, she tried to learn the Soviet's preferred replacement for him as U.S. Ambassador and told the NKVD leadership that "If this man has at least a slight chance, I will persuade my father to promote his candidacy."[11] After the Dodds left Germany on December 31, 1938,[2] the NKVD's Iskhak Akhmerov of the Soviet Station in New York City managed her work as an informant.[12]
In the summer of 1938, while still romantically involved with the filmmaker Sidney Kaufman, with whom she lived for several months,[13] Martha married New York millionaire Alfred Stern, a wealthy investment broker.[14] According to Dodd, Stern was prepared to contribute $50,000 to the Democratic party to secure an ambassadorship.[15] The Soviets viewed her as a valuable but uncertain asset. One assessment was: "A gifted, clever and educated woman, she requires constant control over her behavior."[16] Another wrote that "She considers herself a Communist and claims to accept the party's program. In reality [she] is a typical representative of American bohemia, a sexually decayed woman ready to sleep with any handsome man."[16] In a February 5, 1942, letter, Dodd told her Soviet contacts that her husband should be brought into their network. With their approval, she approached her husband and reported that he responded with enthusiasm: "He wanted to do something immediately. He felt he had many contacts that could be valuable in this sort of work."[17] Stern established a music publishing house that served as a cover for routing information from the U.S. to the Soviet Union.[18][19] Dodd and Stern proved of little value to the Soviets beyond providing the publishing house cover and occasionally recommending someone as a potential agent.[20]
In 1939, Dodd published a memoir of her years in Berlin, Through Embassy Eyes. It included extravagant praise of the Soviet Union based in her travels there.[20] With her brother William as co-editor, she published her father's Berlin diaries, Ambassador Dodd's Diary, 1933-1938.[20]
In 1945, Dodd published a novel, Sowing the Wind, which described the moral deterioration of decent Germans under Hitler. It was "not much esteemed as a work of fiction,"[1] but became a best-seller in translation in the Russian sector of Berlin in 1949.[21]
The FBI had Dodd under surveillance by 1948.[22] Contacts between Dodd and Stern and the NKGB, successor to the NKVD, lapsed in 1949.[23] In 1955, Dodd published The Searching Light, a defense of academic freedom that told the story of a professor under pressure to sign a loyalty oath.[1] In July 1956, subpoenaed to testify in several espionage cases, they fled to Prague via Mexico with their nine-year-old son.[24][23] They later applied for and were denied Soviet citizenship.[25] Boris Morros, a Soviet spy turned FBI informer, implicated Dodd and Stern in 1957 as Soviet agents as part of his exposure of the Soble spy network. The Soviets then allowed them to immigrate to Moscow just as they were convicted of espionage by a U.S. court.[25]
A KGB document, dated October 1975, noted that the Sterns spent 1963-70 in Cuba.[26] In the 1970s, apparently disappointed with their lives in the Soviet Union, they tried without success to have their American attorney negotiate their return to the U.S. The KGB monitored the negotiations and had no objections, since their knowledge of espionage activities was outdated or had been revealed by Morros.[26]
In 1979 the U.S. Department of Justice dropped charges against Dodd and her husband related to the Soble case.[24] She died on August 10, 1990, in Prague.[27]
Her letters were deposited at the Library of Congress.[28] Her FBI file contained 10,400 pages.[18]
Works
- Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes (NY: Harcourt, Brace, 1939), excerpt available, UK title: My Years in Germany
- Martha Dodd;, Charles Austin Beard, eds., Ambassador Dodd's Diary, 1933-1938 (NY: Harcourt, Brace, 1941), OCLC 395068
- Martha Dodd, Sowing the Wind (NY: Harcourt, Brace, 1945)
- Martha Dodd, The Searching Light (NY: Citadel Press, 1955)
References
- ^ a b c New York Times: "Novelist in Flight: Marha Dodd Stern," Auust 19, 1957, accessed March 16, 2011
- ^ a b c d Smith, "Shining Season"
- ^ Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 64
- ^ Erik Larson, In the Garden of Beasts, (Random House, 2011), 114
- ^ Erik Larson, In the Garden of Beasts, (Random House, 2011), 25, 355
- ^ Larson, In the Garden of Beasts, 114, 118
- ^ a b Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 51
- ^ Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 51-61
- ^ a b Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 51-2
- ^ Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 53
- ^ Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 57
- ^ Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 60
- ^ * Katharine Weber,The Memory Of All That: George Gershwin, Kay Swift, and My Family's Legacy of Infidelities (NY: Crown Publishers, 2011), pp. 73-77
- ^ New York Times: "Martha Dodd Wed in Virginia Home," September 5, 1938, accessed March 16, 2011
- ^ Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 61-2
- ^ a b Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 62
- ^ Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 65
- ^ a b Brysac, 137-8
- ^ Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 65-6
- ^ a b c Weinstein, Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 66
- ^ New York Times: Ralph Thompson, "In and Out of Books," January 8, 1949, accessed March 16, 2011
- ^ Brysac, 12
- ^ a b Weinstein, Vassiliev, 69-70
- ^ a b Brysac, 135-6
- ^ a b Weinstein, Vassiliev, 70
- ^ a b Weinstein, Vassiliev, 71
- ^ Fowler, Glenn (August 29, 1990). "Martha Dodd Stern Is Dead at 82; Author and an Accused Soviet Spy". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/29/obituaries/martha-dodd-stern-is-dead-at-82-author-and-an-accused-soviet-spy.html. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ Brysac, x-xi
Sources
- Shareen Blair Brysac, Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra (NY: Oxford University Press, 2000)
- Haynes, John Earl; Harvey Klehr (2006). Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521857383. OCLC 70986245.
- Haynes, John Earl; Harvey Klehr (1999). Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300077711. OCLC 40396483.
- Larson, Erik (2011). In the Garden of Beasts: Love, Terror, and an American Family in Hitler's Berlin. Crown. ISBN 0307408841.
- Gene Smith, "Martha Dodd's Shining Season," American Heritage, July/August 1997, vol. 48, issue 4, available online, accessed June 13, 2011
- Weinstein, Allen; Alexander Vassiliev (1999). The Haunted Wood. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0375755365. OCLC 43680047.
External links
Categories:- 1908 births
- 1990 deaths
- American spies for the Soviet Union
- Red Orchestra (espionage)
- American defectors
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