HLA-DRA

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha, also known as HLA-DRA, is a human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HLA-DRA major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3122| accessdate = ] HLA-DRA encodes the alpha subunit of HLA-DR. Unlike the alpha chains of other Human MHC class II molecules, the alpha subunit is practically invariable. However it can pair with, in any individual, the beta chain from 3 different DR beta loci, DRB1, and two of any DRB3, DRB4, or DRB5 alleles. Thus there is the potential that any given individual can form 4 different HLA-DR isoforms (2 alleles of DRB1 and two alleles from DRB3, DRB4 or DRB5).

Function

The polypeptide subunit encoded by this gene belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. The class II protein is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRα) and a beta chain (DRβ), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages).

Gene struture and polymorphisms

The alpha chain is approximately 33-35 kDa and its gene contains 5 exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, and exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. DRA does not have polymorphisms in the peptide binding part and acts as the sole alpha chain for DRB1, DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5.

Alleles

There is one major allele of DRA within the human population DRA*0101, and there are two very rare alleles, *0102, *0103.

ee also

* HLA-DR

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Bénichou S, Benmerah A |title= [The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the endocytosis pathway] |journal=Med Sci (Paris) |volume=19 |issue= 1 |pages= 100-6 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12836198 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Tolstrup M, Ostergaard L, Laursen AL, "et al." |title=HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef. |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=2 |issue= 2 |pages= 141-51 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15078178 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Anderson JL, Hope TJ |title=HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell. |journal=Current HIV/AIDS reports |volume=1 |issue= 1 |pages= 47-53 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16091223 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD, "et al." |title=Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. |journal=Cell Res. |volume=15 |issue= 11-12 |pages= 923-34 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16354571 |doi= 10.1038/sj.cr.7290370
*cite journal | author=Stove V, Verhasselt B |title=Modelling thymic HIV-1 Nef effects. |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=4 |issue= 1 |pages= 57-64 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16454711 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Matsushima GK, Itoh-Lindstrom Y, Ting JP |title=Activation of the HLA-DRA gene in primary human T lymphocytes: novel usage of TATA and the X and Y promoter elements. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=12 |issue= 12 |pages= 5610-9 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1448091 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Schaiff WT, Hruska KA, McCourt DW, "et al." |title=HLA-DR associates with specific stress proteins and is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum in invariant chain negative cells. |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=176 |issue= 3 |pages= 657-66 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1512535 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Piatier-Tonneau D, Gastinel LN, Amblard F, "et al." |title=Interaction of CD4 with HLA class II antigens and HIV gp120. |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=34 |issue= 2 |pages= 121-8 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1869305 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Nong Y, Kandil O, Tobin EH, "et al." |title=The HIV core protein p24 inhibits interferon-gamma-induced increase of HLA-DR and cytochrome b heavy chain mRNA levels in the human monocyte-like cell line THP1. |journal=Cell. Immunol. |volume=132 |issue= 1 |pages= 10-6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1905983 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Rosenstein Y, Burakoff SJ, Herrmann SH |title=HIV-gp120 can block CD4-class II MHC-mediated adhesion. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=144 |issue= 2 |pages= 526-31 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1967269 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Callahan KM, Fort MM, Obah EA, "et al." |title=Genetic variability in HIV-1 gp120 affects interactions with HLA molecules and T cell receptor. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=144 |issue= 9 |pages= 3341-6 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1970352 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Bowman MR, MacFerrin KD, Schreiber SL, Burakoff SJ |title=Identification and structural analysis of residues in the V1 region of CD4 involved in interaction with human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 and class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=87 |issue= 22 |pages= 9052-6 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1978941 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Koppelman B, Cresswell P |title=Rapid nonlysosomal degradation of assembled HLA class II glycoproteins incorporating a mutant DR alpha-chain. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=145 |issue= 8 |pages= 2730-6 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2212658 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Clayton LK, Sieh M, Pious DA, Reinherz EL |title=Identification of human CD4 residues affecting class II MHC versus HIV-1 gp120 binding. |journal=Nature |volume=339 |issue= 6225 |pages= 548-51 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2543930 |doi= 10.1038/339548a0
*cite journal | author=Diamond DC, Sleckman BP, Gregory T, "et al." |title=Inhibition of CD4+ T cell function by the HIV envelope protein, gp120. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=141 |issue= 11 |pages= 3715-7 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2846691 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Tjernlund U, Scheynius A, Johansson C, "et al." |title=T-cell response to purified protein derivative after removal of Langerhans' cells from epidermal cell suspensions containing keratinocytes expressing class II transplantation antigens. |journal=Scand. J. Immunol. |volume=28 |issue= 6 |pages= 667-73 |year= 1989 |pmid= 3266023 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Andrieu JM, Even P, Venet A |title=AIDS and related syndromes as a viral-induced autoimmune disease of the immune system: an anti-MHC II disorder. Therapeutic implications. |journal=AIDS research |volume=2 |issue= 3 |pages= 163-74 |year= 1986 |pmid= 3489470 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Das HK, Lawrance SK, Weissman SM |title=Structure and nucleotide sequence of the heavy chain gene of HLA-DR. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=80 |issue= 12 |pages= 3543-7 |year= 1983 |pmid= 6304715 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Schamboeck A, Korman AJ, Kamb A, Strominger JL |title=Organization of the transcriptional unit of a human class II histocompatibility antigen: HLA-DR heavy chain. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=11 |issue= 24 |pages= 8663-75 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6324094 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Das HK, Biro PA, Cohen SN, "et al." |title=Use of synthetic oligonucleotide probes complementary to genes for human HLA-DR alpha and beta as extension primers for the isolation of 5'-specific genomic clones. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=80 |issue= 6 |pages= 1531-5 |year= 1983 |pmid= 6403940 |doi=

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