Phyllophaga (genus)

Phyllophaga
Phyllophaga
Common Phyllophaga found in Michigan
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Family:	Scarabaeidae
Subfamily:	Melolonthinae
Genus:	Phyllophaga Harris, 1827
Species
> 260

Phyllophaga is a very large genus (more than 260 species) of New World scarab beetles in the subfamily Melolonthinae. Common names for this genus and many other related genera in the subfamily Melolonthinae are May beetles, June bugs, and June beetles.^[1][2] They range in size from 12 to 35 millimetres (0.47 to 1.4 in)^[1][2] and are blackish or reddish-brown in colour, without prominent markings, and often rather hairy ventrally. These beetles are nocturnal, coming to lights in great numbers.

The generic name is derived from the Greek words phyllon (φυλλον), which means "leaf", and phagos (φαγος), which means "eater", with a plural ending.^[2]

Life cycle

The life cycle takes about one year. Females lay 60 to 75 eggs underground in earthen balls over a period of about two weeks in mid-summer. The white egg at first is elliptical (1.5 mm by 2.1 mm) but becomes more spherical as the larva inside develops. These hatch into white grubs about 18 days after laying. The newly hatched larva is eight mm long and grows to a length of about 40 mm. Whitish with a brownish-black head, the grub has conspicuous brown spiracles along the sides of its body. They molt twice before winter. The third larval stage lasts nearly nine months, after which they pupate.They overwinter as grubs that may become active on warm winter days. They increase their activity in the spring. At night, the larvae may be found on the ground crawling on their backs. This form of locomotion is peculiar to the green June beetle. June beetles pupate in earthen cells several centimeters underground for about 18 days. The brown pupa, about the same shape as the adult, becomes metallic green just before the adult emerges. Adults appear in late spring to summer.^{[1] [3]}

Diet

The adults are chafers, feeding on foliage of trees and shrubs. They may cause significant damage when emerging in large numbers. The larvae (called white grubs) feed on the roots of grasses and other plants. The insects pupate underground in the fall and emerge as adults the following spring. To test for the presence of these beetles, drenching an area of lawn with a wet substance will cause larvae to emerge at the surface. The adult beetles are very clumsy, both on land and especially in the air.

Adult chafers eat the leaves and flowers of many deciduous trees, shrubs and other plants. However, their fat, white grubs (reaching 40–45 mm long when full grown) live in the soil and feed on plant roots, especially those of grasses and cereals, and are occasional pests in pastures, nurseries, gardens, and golf courses. An obvious indication of infestation is the presence of birds, such as crows peeling back the grass to get to the grubs. The injury consists of poorly growing patches that quickly turn brown in dry weather. The grubs can be found immediately below the surface, usually lying in a characteristic comma-like position. Treating the grubs can be very difficult and chemical treatment is more effective as a preventative rather than reactionary measure.^[4]

The grubs sometimes attack vegetables and other garden plants, e.g. lettuce, raspberries, strawberries, potatoes, and young ornamental trees. Injury to the roots and rootstock causes small saplings and tender tap-rooted plants like lettuce to wilt suddenly or to show stunted growth and a tendency to shed leaves prematurely. Plants growing in rows are usually attacked in succession as the grubs move along from one plant to the next. Chafer grubs feed below ground for 3–4 years before changing into adult beetles.^[4]

Enemies

Flies in the family Pyrgotidae are endoparasitoids of these and related beetles. The female flies pursue the beetles in flight, laying an egg on the beetle's back under the elytra where the beetle cannot reach it. The egg hatches and the fly larva enters the body cavity of the beetle, feeding on and eventually killing the host before pupating. Wasps in numerous families are parasitoids of Phyllophaga grubs, including Pelecinidae, Scoliidae, and Tiphiidae.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} enature. "May Beetles Cycle". friesian.com. http://enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?allSpecies=y&searchText=June%20bugs&curGroupID=4&lgfromWhere=&curPageNum=1. Retrieved 2010-12-10. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} BugGuide. "Genus Phyllophaga - May Beetles - BugGuide.Net". Iowa State University. http://bugguide.net/node/view/3477. Retrieved 2010-12-10. 
3. ^ June Bugs, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/gaston/Pests/junebug.html#life, Peggy Drechsler
4. ^ ^{a b} "June Beetle / June Bug - Cirrus Digital Imaging". Red Planet Inc.. http://www.cirrusimage.com/beetles_June.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-21. 

• Dillon, Elizabeth S., and Dillon, Lawrence (1961). A Manual of Common Beetles of Eastern North America. Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, and Company.
• Evans, Arthur W. Generic Guide to New World Scarabs--subfamily Melolonthinae
• Garden Web
• Haarstad, John A. Insects of Cedar Creek, Minnesota
• Smith, A. B. T. 2003. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the Nearctic Realm. Version 3. Electronically published, Lincoln, Nebraska. 74 pp, available here.
• White , Richard E. (1998). Beetles : A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-91089-7.

External links

• Phyllophaga spp. on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site