Arthur Tange

Sir Arthur Harold Tange AC, CBE (18 August 1914 – 10 May 2001) was a prominent Australian senior public servant of the middle to late 20th century.

A considerable intellect, he was one of the most influential people in the government of Australia for nearly 30 years, earning him respect and disdain in equal measure. He was best known for his controversial role in reforming the organisation of the administration of the defence of Australia in the 1970s. He is also less well known for having laid the foundations of the modern Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) in his time at the then Department of External Affairs.

Career

Born on 18 August 1914, Arthur Harold Tange ultimately became known as one of the most formidable 'mandarins' of the Australian Public Service in the 1950s, 60s and 70s. He joined the public service during World War II. Having rapidly risen from research assistant to departmental secretary in the Department of External Affairs (forerunner to the modern Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) from 1954 to 1965, he then took up the position of High Commissioner to India from 1965 to 1969.

ecretary of Defence

In 1970 he returned to Australia to become Secretary of the Department of Defence - the most senior public servant therein, and effective executive head of the civilian Defence Department, reporting to the Minister. At that time the Department of Defence was of relatively little consequence in the Commonwealth government. Each service (Navy, Army and Air Force) had its own separate department with its own minister. Further, the Ministry of Supply, responsible for military logistics, was also a separate portfolio with yet another minister. The respective services and departments were in competition, each group jealously guarding its own budget and powers against the others.

Rationalising departments

With his career background in diplomacy and international affairs, Tange felt that a co-ordinated administration of the defence of Australia, integrating strictly military matters, supply and material acquisition, intelligence, defence-related economic affairs and international relations was needed. To this end he spent the bulk of his time as Secretary of the Department of Defence (1970 to his retirement in 1979) working towards the merging of the departments of the Army, Navy, Air, Supply and Defence into one. He advocated a wider view of defence policy than the civilian members of the Defence department and the uniformed members of the armed services.

His work culminated in a 1973 report, formally titled "Australian Defence: Report on the Reorganisation of the Defence Group of Departments" but widely known in the press and in government circles as "the Tange Report". With the support of the Whitlam Labor government, the proposed changes were enacted and the various services have since then been more widely known as the Australian Defence Force. The Prime Minister and Minister for Defence are now advised by both the uniformed Chief of the Defence Force and the civilian Secretary of the Department of Defence, with overall defence policy being developed and enacted co-operatively between the uniformed and civilian staffs.

Tri-service cooperation

Another aspect of Tange's work was a desire that the three services should work together in the defence of Australia at all levels, rather than as feuding tribes. To this end he was instrumental in the decision to set up a primary tri-service college for the joint training, academic and military, of all officer recruits in the services. A further motive for developing the academy (which is an affiliated academic college of the University of New South Wales) was to equip the future leaders of the defence forces with a broader humanistic as well as technical education, to enable them to eventually make the wider contributions to defence policy that Tange felt was lacking in the senior uniformed officers of his generation. The Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) was opened in 1983, in Canberra, and most military officers since then have received their tertiary education and basic military training in its tri-service environment.

Reputation

Neither of these reforms were easy and they were both accompanied by enormous resistance and press clamour. Tradition within the old service departments led to fights over these issues in the press, the ministries and the parliament in the 1970s. Tange's role in the changes saw him regarded as both a forward-looking visionary and a wrecker of Australian security, on a grab for personal power. The conservative forces in the military and coalition parties in Australia often regarded him as a man bent on destroying the sensible and time-honoured traditions of the individual services whilst the political left in the universities, unions and labour movement saw him as a prime example of the old public service 'mandarin' who told his ministers what to do and pursued a conservative agenda no matter who was in government at the time.

Retirement and legacy

Tange retired in 1979 and lived until 2001, when he died of leukemia. His wife of 60 years, Marjorie, died two months later after a series of strokes.

In 2002, the Department of Defence, in conjunction with the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre (SDSC) at the Australian National University (ANU), decided to establish an ongoing Ph.D. scholarship in honour of Tange. The first of these scholarships were awarded in 2003, and another was awarded in 2007.

The first independent biography of Tange, "Arthur Tange: Last of the Mandarins" by Peter Edwards, was published in 2006. Peter Edwards has also edited and published Tange's personal memoirs in "Defence Policy-Making: A Close-up View, 1950-1980", released in 2008.

External links

* [http://www.dfat.gov.au/media/speeches/foreign/2001/010606_fa_tange.html Speech by the Hon Alexander Downer, MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs, at the memorial service for the late Sir Arthur Tange, Parliament House, Canberra, 24 May 2001]
* [http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an23620107 Tange receiving the Order of Australia]

Further reading

*Peter Edwards (2006). "Arthur Tange: Last of the Mandarins", Allen & Unwin, Sydney