Itzcoatl

Infobox Monarch
name =Itzcoatl
title =Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan


caption =Itzcoatl in the Codex Mendoza.
reign =1427 – 1440
predecessor =Chimalpopoca
successor =Moctezuma I
issue =Tezozomoc
father =Acamapichtli
mother =Matlalxochtzin
date of death =1440|

Itzcoatl ( _nc. Itzcōhuātl|iʦ.'koː.waːtɬ, "Obsidian Serpent") was the fourth "tlatoani" (emperor) of the Aztecs, ruling from 1427 (or 1428) to 1440, the period when the Mexica (as the Aztecs called themselves) threw off the domination of the Tepanecs and laid the foundations for the eventual Aztec Empire.

Itzcoatl was the son of Acamapichtli, the first Aztec "tlatoani". He himself was elected as "tlatoani" when his predecessor, Chimalpopoca, was killed by Maxtla of the nearby Tepanec city-state of Azcapotzalco. Allying with Nezahualcoyotl of Texcoco, Itzcoatl went on to defeat Maxtla and end the Tepanec domination of central Mexico.

After this victory, Itzcoatl, Nezahualcoyotl, and Totoquilhuaztli, "tlatoani" of Tlacopan, forged what would become known as the Aztec Triple Alliance, forming the basis of the eventual Aztec empire.

Itzcoatl next turned his attention to the "chinampas" districts on the south shores of Lakes Xochimilco and Chalco. Fresh water springs lining these shores had allowed the development of extensive raised gardens, or "chinampas", set on the shallow lake floors. Successful campaigns against Xochimilco (1430), Mixquic (1432), Cuitlahuac (1433), and Tezompa would secure agricultural resources for Tenochtitlan and, along with the conquest of Culhuacan and Coyoacan, would cement the Triple Alliance's control over the southern half of the Valley of Mexico.

With this string of victories, Itzcoatl took the title "Culhua tecuhtli", "Lord of the Culhua" while Totoquilhuaztli, "tlatoani" of Tlacopan, took the title "Tepaneca tecuhtli", "Lord of the Tepanecs".

In 1439, Itzcoatl undertook a campaign outside the Valley of Mexico against Cuauhnahuac (modern day Cuernavaca).

According to the Madrid Codex, Itzcoatl ordered the burning of all historical codices because it was "not wise that all the people should know the paintings". [Madrid Codex, VIII, 192v, as quoted in León-Portilla, p. 155. Note that León-Portilla finds Tlacaelel to be the instigator of this burning, despite lack of specific historical evidence.Verify source|date=July 2007] Among other purposes, this allowed the Aztec state to develop a state-sanctioned history and mythos that venerated Huitzilopochtli.

Itzcoatl also continued the building of Tenochtitlán: during his reign temples, roads, and a causeway were built. Itzcóatl established the religious and governmental hierarchy that was assumed by Moctezuma I upon his death in 1440.

Footnotes

References

*Coe, Michael; Snow, Dean; Benson, Elizabeth; (1986); "Atlas of Ancient America"; Facts on File, New York.
*León-Portilla, Miguel; Davis, Jack Emory, translator (1963); "Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Náhuatl Mind". University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
*Hassig, Ross (1988) "Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control". University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
*cite book | first = Muriel Porter | last = Weaver | year = 1993 | title = The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica | edition = 3rd ed. | publisher = Academic Press | location = San Diego | id = ISBN 0012639990

ee also

*History of the Aztecs