Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser

Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (God Save Emperor Francis) was an anthem to Francis II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and later of Austria. Lorenz Leopold Haschka (1749-1827) wrote the lyrics, and Joseph Haydn composed the melody. It is sometimes called the "Kaiserhymne" (Emperor's Hymn).

The melody, along with several variations, is also the second movement of one of Haydn's most famous string quartets, nicknamed the "Emperor Quartet". The melody was later used in "Das Lied der Deutschen", which is still Germany's national anthem.

Words and music

The sound file given below (played on a piano) uses the harmony Haydn employed for the string quartet version of his song, which he prepared later in the year 1797.

to hear; ogg format, 156k.]

The English translation of the above verse is:

God save Francis the Emperor, our good Emperor Francis! Long live Francis the Emperor in the brightest splendor of bliss! May laurel branches bloom for him, wherever he goes, as a wreath of honor. God save Francis the Emperor, our good Emperor Francis!

History

The song was written when Austria was seriously threatened by France and patriotic sentiments ran high. The story of the song's genesis was narrated in 1847 by Anton Schmid, who was Custodian of the Austrian National Library in Vienna: [Quotation from Robbins Landon and Jones, 1988, p. 301]

:In England, Haydn came to know the favourite British national anthem, 'God Save the King', and he envied the British nation for a song through which it could, at festive occasions, show in full measure its respect, love, and devotion to its ruler.

:When the Father of Harmony returned to his beloved "Kaiserstadt" [German: 'city of the emperor'] , he related these impressions to that real friend, connoisseur, supporter and encourager of many a great and good one of Art and Science, Freiherr van Swieten, Prefect of the I. R. Court Library, who at the time was at the head of the Concert Spirituel (supported by high aristocracy) and likewise Haydn's particular patron. ["Concert Spirituel" normally denotes an important orchestra of Paris in Haydn's time; see Concert Spirituel. Here, however, it is more likely that Schmid was using the term to refer to the Gesellschaft der Associierten, a concert-sponsoring society of noblemen that Swieten had organized in Vienna. Swieten was not active in Paris.] Haydn wished that Austria, too, could have a similar national anthem, wherein it could display a similar respect and love for its Sovereign. Also, such a song could be used in the fight then taking place with those ; it could be used in a noble way to inflame the heart of the Austrians to new heights of devotion to the princes and fatherland, and to incite to combat, and to increase, the mob of volunteer soldiers who had been collected by a general proclamation.

:Freiherr van Swieten hastily took counsel with His Excellency, the then President of Lower Austria Franz Count von Saurau ...; and so there came into being a song which, apart from being one of Haydn's greatest creations, has won the crown of immortality.

:It is also true that this high-principled Count used the most opportune moment to introduce a "Volksgesang" [German: "people's song"] , and thus he called to life those beautiful thoughts which will delight connoisseurs and amateurs here and abroad.

:He immediately ordered the poet Lorenz Haschka to draft the poetry and then requested our Haydn to set it to music.

:In January 1797, this double task was resolved, and the first performance of the Song was ordered for the birthday of the Monarch.

Saurau himself later wrote:

I had a text fashioned by the worthy poet Haschka; and to have it set to music, I turned to our immortal compatriot Haydn, who, I felt, was the only man capable of creating something that could be placed at the side of ... "God Save the King".Fact|date=February 2007

"Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" was first performed on the Emperor's birthday, February 12, 1797. It proved popular, and came to serve unofficially as Austria's first national anthem.

Composition

As elsewhere in Haydn's music, it has been conjectured that Haydn took part of his material from folksongs he knew. This hypothesis has never achieved unanimous agreement; the alternative being that Haydn's original tune was adapted by the people in various versions as folk songs. For discussion, see Haydn and folk music.

One claimed folk source of "Gott erhalte" is a Croatian song, known in Međimurje and northern regions of Croatia under the name "Stal se jesem". The version below was collected by a field worker in the Croatian-speaking village of Čemba, before 1921 officially "Csém", in the Kingdom of Hungary, now Burgenland, Schandorf.

to hear; ogg format, 41k.]

Irrespective of the original source, Haydn's own compositional efforts went through multiple drafts, discussed by Rosemary Hughes in her biography of the composer [Hughes 1970, 124] . Hughes reproduces the draft fragment given below (i.e., the fifth through eighth lines of the song) and writes, "His sketches, preserved in the Vienna National Library, show the self-denial and economy with which he struggled to achieve [the song's] seemingly inevitably climax, pruning the earlier and more obviously interesting version of the fifth and sixth lines, which would have anticipated, and so lessened, its overwhelming effect."

Haydn's own view of the song

Joseph Haydn seems to have been particularly fond of his creation. During his frail and sickly old age (1802-1809), the composer often would struggle to the piano to play his song, often with great feeling, as a form of consolation; and as his servant Johann Elssler narrated, it was the last music Haydn ever played:

:The "Kayser Lied" was still played three times a day, though, but on May 26th [1809] at half-past midday the Song was played for the last time and that 3 times over, with such expression and taste, well! that our good Papa was astonished about it himself and said he hadn't played the Song like that for a long time and was very pleased about it and felt well altogether till evening at 5 o'clock then our good Papa began to lament that he didn't feel well... [Robbins Landon and Jones 1999, 314]

Elssler goes on to narrate the composer's final decline and death, which occurred on May 31st.

Later uses of the tune in classical music

*Shortly after finishing his melody, Haydn used it as the theme for the second movement (in theme and variations form) of his famous string quartet Op. 76 No. 3, popularly known as the "Emperor" Quartet (1797).
*Carl Czerny wrote a set of variations for piano and string quartet, his Opus 73.
*Niccolò Paganini wrote a set of variations on this tune for violin and orchestra ("Maestosa Sonata Sentimentale for Violin & Orchestra-1828")
*Henryk Wieniawski wrote a set of variations on the tune for unaccompanied violin ("Variations on the Austrian National Anthem", from "L'école Moderne", opus 10).
*Tchaikovsky arranged the work for orchestra in 1876.
*Gioachino Rossini used the tune in his opera, Il viaggio a Reims.

Use in national anthems, alma maters, and hymns

Austria-Hungary

After the death of Francis in 1835, the tune was given new lyrics that praised his successor, Ferdinand: "Segen Öst'reichs hohem Sohne / Unserm Kaiser Ferdinand!" ("Blessings to Austria's high son / Our Emperor Ferdinand!"). After Ferdinand's abdication in 1848, the original lyrics were used again because his successor (Francis Joseph) was also named Francis. However, in 1854, yet again new lyrics were selected: "Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze / Unsern Kaiser, unser Land!" ("God preserve, God protect / Our Emperor, our country!"). There were versions of the hymn in several languages of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (e.g., Czech, Slovene, Hungarian, Polish, Italian). The tune stopped being used for official purposes in Austria when monarchy was abolished in 1918.

Germany

Long after Haydn's death, his melody was used as the tune of Hoffmann von Fallersleben's "Das Lied der Deutschen" (1841), whose text begins "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; see the article just cited for full details concerning this setting.

Hymns

*The tune has also been used as a hymn in English, to lyrics by John Newton which begins "Glorious things of thee are spoken / Zion, city of our God." [http://www.cyberhymnal.org/htm/g/l/glorious.htm 1] , [http://www.selahpub.com/Choral/ChoralTitles/425-888-GloriousThings.html 2]
*The music is also used with the hymn, "Praise the Lord! O Heav'ns adore Him". The name of this tune in English-language hymnals is "Austria".

Alma maters

*Columbia University uses the tune for its alma mater.
*The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee uses the tune for its University Hymn ("God of Light, Whose face beholding ...").
*The University of Pittsburgh uses the tune for its Alma Mater.
*Illinois State University uses the tune for its alma mater.
*College of Charleston uses the tune for its alma mater.

Full text

The following are the complete lyrics of 1854 version [http://ingeb.org/Lieder/gotterha.html] :

:1. Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze:Unsern Kaiser, unser Land!:Mächtig durch des Glaubens Stütze,:Führt er uns mit weiser Hand!:Laßt uns seiner Väter Krone:Schirmen wider jeden Feind!:|: Innig bleibt mit Habsburgs Throne: Österreichs Geschick vereint! :

:2. Fromm und bieder, wahr und offen:Laßt für Recht und Pflicht uns stehn;:Laßt, wenns gilt, mit frohem Hoffen:Mutvoll in den Kampf uns gehn:Eingedenk der Lorbeerreiser:Die das Heer so oft sich wand:|: Gut und Blut für unsern Kaiser,: Gut und Blut fürs Vaterland! :

:3. Was der Bürger Fleiß geschaffen:Schütze treu des Kaisers Kraft;:Mit des Geistes heitren Waffen:Siege Kunst und Wissenschaft!:Segen sei dem Land beschieden:Und sein Ruhm dem Segen gleich;:|: Gottes Sonne strahl' in Frieden: Auf ein glücklich Österreich!

:4. Laßt uns fest zusammenhalten,:In der Eintracht liegt die Macht;:Mit vereinter Kräfte Walten:Wird das Schwere leicht vollbracht,:Laßt uns Eins durch Brüderbande:Gleichem Ziel entgegengehn:|: Heil dem Kaiser, Heil dem Lande,: Österreich wird ewig stehn! :

:An des Kaisers Seite waltet,:Ihm verwandt durch Stamm und Sinn,:Reich an Reiz, der nie veraltet,:Uns're holde Kaiserin.:Was als Glück zu höchst gepriesen:Ström' auf sie der Himmel aus::|: Heil Franz Josef, Heil Elisen,: Segen Habsburgs ganzem Haus! :

:Heil auch Öst'reichs Kaisersohne,:Froher Zukunft Unterpfand,:Seiner Eltern Freud' und Wonne,:Rudolf tönt's im ganzen Land,:Unsern Kronprinz Gott behüte,:Segne und beglücke ihn,:|: Von der ersten Jugendblüthe: Bis in fernste Zeiten hin. :

After the last Emperor, Charles I, died in 1922, monarchists created an original stanza for his son Otto von Habsburg:

:In Verbannung, fern den Landen:Weilst Du, Hoffnung Österreichs.:Otto, treu in festen Banden:Steh'n zu Dir wir felsengleich.:Dir, mein Kaiser, sei beschieden:Alter Ruhm und neues Glück!:|: Bring den Völkern endlich Frieden,: Kehr zur Heimat bald zurück!:

Original version:

Gott erhalte Franz, den Kaiser, Unsern guten Kaiser Franz! Lange lebe Franz, der Kaiser, In des Glückes hellstem Glanz! Ihm erblühen Lorbeerreiser, Wo er geht, zum Ehrenkranz!
: Gott erhalte Franz, den Kaiser, Unsern guten Kaiser Franz! :| Laß von seiner Fahne Spitzen Strahlen Sieg und Fruchtbarkeit! Laß in seinem Rate Sitzen Weisheit, Klugheit, Redlichkeit; Und mit Seiner Hoheit Blitzen Schalten nur Gerechtigkeit!
: Gott erhalte Franz, den Kaiser, Unsern guten Kaiser Franz! :| Ströme deiner Gaben Fülle Über ihn, sein Haus und Reich! Brich der Bosheit Macht, enthülle Jeden Schelm- und Bubenstreich! Dein Gesetz sei stets sein Wille, Dieser uns Gesetzen gleich.
: Gott erhalte Franz, den Kaiser, Unsern guten Kaiser Franz! :| Froh erleb' er seiner Lande, Seiner Völker höchsten Flor! Seh' sie, Eins durch Bruderbande, Ragen allen andern vor! Und vernehm' noch an dem Rande Später Gruft der Enkel Chor.
: Gott erhalte Franz, den Kaiser, Unsern guten Kaiser Franz! :|

Translation:

God keep Francis the emperor, Our good Emperor Francis! Long live Francis the emperor, In the brightest splendor of happines! May springs of laurel bloom for him As a garland of honor, wherever he goes. God keep Francis the emperor, Our good Emperor Francis! From the tips of his flag May victory and fruitfulness shine! In his council May knowledge, wisdom and honesty sit! And with his Highness's lightning May justice but prevail! God keep Francis the emperor, Our good Emperor Francis! May the abundance of thy gifts Pour over him, his house and Empire! Break the power of wickedness, and reveal Every trick of rogues and knaves! May thy Law always be his Will, And may this be like laws to us. God keep Francis the emperor, Our good Emperor Francis! May he gladly experience the highest bloom Of his land and of his peoples! May he see them, united by the bonds of brothers, Loom over all others! And may he hear at the edge Of his late tomb his grandchildren's chorus. God keep Francis the emperor, Our good Emperor Francis!

During Haydn's lifetime, his friend, the musicologist Charles Burney, made an English translation of the first verse which is more felicitous if less literal than the one given above:

God preserve the Emp'ror Francis Sov'reign ever good and great; Save, o save him from mischances In Prosperity and State! May his Laurels ever blooming Be by Patriot Virtue fed; May his worth the world illumine And bring back the Sheep misled! God preserve our Emp'ror Francis! Sov'reign ever good and great.

Burney's penultimate couplet about sheep has no counterpart in the original German and appears to be Burney's own contribution.

For translations into several of the languages that were spoken in the Austrian Empire, see Translations of Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser.

Version of 1826

Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, Unsern guten Kaiser Franz, Hoch als Herrscher, hoch als Weiser, Steht er in des Ruhmes Glanz; Liebe windet Lorbeerreiser Ihm zum ewig grünen Kranz.
: Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, Unsern guten Kaiser Franz! :| Über blühende Gefilde Reicht sein Scepter weit und breit; Säulen seines Throns sind milde, Biedersinn und Redlichkeit, Und von seinem Wappenschilde Strahlet die Gerechtigkeit.
: Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, Unsern guten Kaiser Franz! :| Sich mit Tugenden zu schmücken, Achtet er der Sorgen werth, Nicht um Völker zu erdrücken Flammt in seiner Hand das Schwert: Sie zu segnen, zu beglücken, Ist der Preis, den er begehrt,
: Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, Unsern guten Kaiser Franz! :| Er zerbrach der Knechtschaft Bande, Hob zur Freiheit uns empor! Früh' erleb' er deutscher Lande, Deutscher Völker höchsten Flor, Und vernehme noch am Rande Später Gruft der Enkel Chor:
: Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, Unsern guten Kaiser Franz! :|

Notes

ee also

*Das Deutschlandlied
*Haydn and folk music

Audio Versions

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NwVwUQftws&feature=related German lyrics]
* [http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sms5TtBnoqs German lyrics after the reign of Kaiser Franz]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOjwBmdSiKQ&feature=PlayList&p=4B540F67B596C4B6&index=12 Italian lyrics]

Books

*Hughes, Rosemary (1970) "Haydn". London: Dent.
*Robbins Landon, H. C. and David Wyn Jones (1988) "Haydn: His Life and Music", Thames and Hudson.

External links

* [http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.music.9.1/090112.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en Image of the autograph score, from the "aeiou" music history site]