HNoMS Kjell

HNoMS "Kjell" was the final ship of twenty-seven 2nd class torpedo boats built for the Royal Norwegian Navy, launched at the Royal Norwegian Navy's shipyard in Horten on 12 March 1912 with build number 106. "Kjell" saw more than 32 years of service, the first 28 years in the Royal Norwegian Navy during World War I and in the interwar period, the last four in the Kriegsmarine, having been captured in the first days of the 1940 Norwegian Campaign. After being rebuilt as a minesweeper by the Germans, she was sunk by Royal Air Force de Havilland Mosquito fighter bombers on 28 September 1944. Divers rediscovered the shipwreck in 2006.

The name "Kjell" derives from the early-20th century version of the Norwegian word "tjeld", [ [http://www.ordnett.no/ordbok.html?search=kjell&search_type=&publications=5&publications=21&publications=9&publications=2&publications=17&publications=23&publications=1&publications=22&publications=10&publications=16&publications=8&publications=3&publications=20&publications=15&publications=19&publications=18&publications=12&publications=11&publications=7&publications=14&publications=13&publications=6 Kjell] , ordnett.no no icon] meaning the Eurasian Oystercatcher.

Characteristics

"Kjell" was the last of 27 small, cigar shaped pre-World War I torpedo boats built for the Royal Norwegian Navy.Thomassen 1995: 138] The other ships in her post-1905 series were the 1906 "Teist" (Black Guillemot) and the 1907 "Skarv" (Cormorant). The series' main armament consisted of two deck-mounted torpedo launchers and one fixed torpedo tube in the bow. While "Teist" and "Skarv" were both armed with two 47 mm guns, "Kjell" was equipped with a single 76 mm main gun. [Hegland & Lilleheim 1998: 22] Unlike all the preceding Norwegian torpedo boats the Officers' Mess on board "Kjell" was located in the bow section, with easy access to the command position in the tower. [Hegland & Lilleheim 1998: 48]

World War I

The Royal Norwegian Navy mobilized on 2 August 1914, shortly after the outbreak of World War I. With Norway having declared itself a neutral country the torpedo boats were ordered to carry the lion's share of the neutrality protection patrols. This was despite their less than satisfactory seaworthiness in open seas, having been designed for service close to shore and in the many Norwegian fjords. The background for the decision to deploy the torpedo boats as the main Norwegian patrol force was based on the small ships being more economic to operate than the navy's larger vessels in a time of uncertain coal and oil supplies. [Hegland & Lilleheim 1998: 37] In one episode during her World War I service "Kjell" intercepted a British submarine on 2 July 1916.Hegland & Lilleheim 1998: 40] The submarine had violated Norwegian territorial waters off Lindesnes and proceeded to hail and fire upon the 578 ton Norwegian steamer SS "Prunelle" of Bergen. [ [http://www.sjohistorie.no/portal/skip/s/Saturnus%201874 SS "Saturnus" 1874 / SS "Prunelle"] no icon] [ [http://www.skipet.no/1918.pdf Norwegian shipwrecks in 1918] no icon] Although the British submarine managed to dive and make good its escape the neutrality violation had been so well documented that the UK government later issued an apology to its Norwegian counterpart.

Inter-war period

By the end of World War I the Norwegian torpedo boat fleet had been worn down by constant service and 14 of the vessels were decommissioned and disposed of in 1920. Twenty-three torpedo boats, including "Kjell", were obliged to continue in service due to budgetary restrictions despite being long outdated and ready for replacement. [Hegland & Lilleheim 1998: 47] Although officially still in service the torpedo boats spent most of the inter-war period in port, only being equipped for exercises some two to three months every year.Hegland & Lilleheim 1998: 49]

Intercepting smugglers

For "Kjell" the 1922 exercise season turned out somewhat unusual as she was deployed against alcohol smugglers on the coast as part of the enforcement of the 1916-1927 Norwegian prohibition. During 20 days in September 1922 "Kjell" operated off Færder in Tjøme, soon earning the nickname "Terror of the smugglers" (Norw. "Smugglernes skrekk") by confiscating on average convert|1500|L|impgal|2|lk=on of spirits a day. At the conclusion of the 20 day anti-smuggling cruise each member of the torpedo boat's crew received the then-substantial amount of 382 Norwegian kroner in prize money.

World War II

Norwegian service

Neutrality protection

At the outbreak of World War II the Norwegian torpedo boat force was again deployed guarding the coastline against neutrality violations. "Kjell" was at that time part of the 2. Torpedo boat Division in the Kristiansand section of the 1^st Naval District, covering the southernmost part of the Norwegian coastline. As had been the case during World War I the torpedo boats were once more spread singly along the coastline. [Hegland & Lilleheim 1998: 50] [Mårtensson, Robert: [http://hem.fyristorg.com/robertm/norge/Norw_navy_org.html Organization of Norwegian naval forces in 1940] ]

"Altmark" Incident

One of the tasks given to the Norwegian torpedo boat force as part of their renewed neutrality protection duties was the escort and inspection of vessels belonging to the warring parties. One of these missions included the control and escort of the German auxiliary tanker "Altmark" in February 1940. "Altmark" was returning to Germany after having supported the German pocket battleship "Graf Spee" in the South Atlantic. On her return voyage to Germany she was carrying 299 British merchant sailors as prisoners of war, and entered Norwegian waters north of Trondheimsfjord on 14 February 1940. The transport of PoWs through neutral territorial waters was not in violation of public international law, and as Norwegian authorities feared an incident between the German ship and the Royal Navy the ship was allowed passage through Bergen naval port. The passage at Bergen was in violation of official Norwegian neutrality regulations as the tanker was a state-operated vessel of a warring party.Hegland & Lilleheim 1998: 51] As "Altmark" proceeded southwards to Germany she was escorted along the way by various Norwegian warships. On the day after she entered Norwegian waters, 15 February, the "Altmark" was spotted by British reconnaissance aircraft and soon after confronted by a force of six Royal Navy destroyers. In an effort to avoid capture "Altmark" sought shelter in the Jøssingfjord, in the area between Egersund and Flekkefjord, now under the escort of "Kjell" and fellow torpedo boat "Skarv". [http://www.norgeslexi.com/krigslex/a/a2.html#altmarksaken "Altmark" Incident] , Norgeslexi.com no icon] Ignoring protests from the Norwegian naval vessels, which commanders were under direct orders not to fire at the British, the destroyer HMS "Cossack" entered Jøssingfjord at 2220hrs on 16 February and boarded the German ship, killing six, mortally wounding one of the German crew and freeing the British prisoners. The failure of "Kjell" and the other Norwegian warships to intervene in the blatant neutrality violation led Hitler to speed up plans for a German invasion of Norway, six days after the incident appointing General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst as commander of the operation. One of the immediate German reactions to the incident was a demand that the commanders of "Kjell" and "Skarv" be dismissed, although this was quickly dropped following the recommendation of the German legation in Oslo. The Norwegian government on its part issued strong protests to the UK government, President of the Norwegian Parliament C. J. Hambro stating that the united Norwegian parliament and people protested the British intrusion at Jøssingfjord.

The German invasion

On 8 April 1940, the day before the German invasion, "Kjell" was in Kristiansand carrying out repairs which were finished by afternoon. The next morning she was ordered to nearby Marvika naval base to take on board torpedoes. However, before the vessel could be made war ready orders came through from the commander of the local naval section that resistance to the German invasion in the Kristiansand area was to cease. As the Germans occupied Marvika "Kjell" was allowed to move to nearby Vigebukta bay in the Topdalsfjord. On 11 April the torpedo boat was seized by German infantry and at 1830hrs the German war flag was raised, signalling the ship's transfer to Kriegsmarine service.

German service

Initially renamed "KT1" and used as a Vorpostenboot the torpedo boat was later rebuilt as a minesweeper under the name NK.02 "Dragoner". Serving as a patrol boat and escort vessel on the coast of occupied Norway she was sailing alone off Ryvingen near Mandal when she was discovered and attacked by six No. 248 Squadron RAF de Havilland Mosquito fighter bombers on 28 September 1944. After a brief and futile fight she was sunk by a combination of autocannon fire and a depth charge exploding underneath her midship section. Of the 25 Germans on board at the time of the sinking 18 survived, seven of whom were wounded. The attacking RAF aircraft suffered no damage from the German return-fire and all returned to base. [Hafsten 1991: 196] [ [http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/44-09.htm Naval war - September 1944] de icon]

Discovery of the wreck

The wreck of "Dragoner " was discovered partly intact at some convert|50|m|ft depth several kilometres from land by a team of three Norwegian divers in February 2006. The wreck has since been declared a war grave. [ [http://www.fedrelandsvennen.no/nyheter/mandal/article342968.ece Found torpedo boat from the war] , Fedrelandsvennen newspaper no icon] [ [http://www.skovheim.org/located/vagder/nk02dragoner/nk02dragoner.htm NK02 "Dragoner"] Skovheim.org shipwreck site no icon & en icon]

Footnotes

Literature

* Abelsen, Frank: "Norwegian naval ships 1939-1945", Sem & Stenersen AS, Oslo 1986, ISBN 82-7046-050-8 en icon/no icon
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* ISBN 82-994738-1-0
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