- Proatheris
-
Proatheris 
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Viperidae Subfamily: Viperinae Genus: Proatheris
Broadley, 1996Species: P. superciliaris Binomial name Proatheris superciliaris
(Peters, 1854)Synonyms - Proatheris - Broadley, 1996[1]
- Vipera superciliaris - Peters, 1854
- Bitis superciliaris - Kramer, 1961
- Atheris superciliaris - Marx & Rabb, 1965
- Proatheris superciliaris - Broadley, 1996[1]
Proatheris is a monotypic genus created for a venomous viper species, P. superciliaris. This is a small terrestrial species found in Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique.[2] No subspecies are currently recognized.[5]
Contents
Description
A small species that averages 40 to 50 cm and a maximum of 61 cm in length. The females are slightly larger than the males. The head has a somewhat elongated appearance, the top of which is covered with small scales except for a pair of large supraocular scales, which are almost twice as long as they are wide.[4]
Common names
Lowland viper, swamp viper,[2] lowland swamp viper,[3] eyebrow viper, swamp adder, [4] Peter's viper, flood-plain viper,[6] Mozambique viper, African lowland viper,[7] domino viper.[8]
Geographic range
East Africa. The southern part of its range begins near Beira, in central Mozambique, extends up north over the Mozambique Plain to Quissanga, and through Malawi and as far north as the floodplains of southern Tanzania at the northern end of Lake Malawi. The type locality given is "Terra Querimba" (Quissanga mainland opposite Ilha Quirimba, Mozanbique).[1]
Its range it apparently centered around the lower section of the Zambezi River and spreads out into the coastal plain of central Mozambique and the Shire Valley to Lake Chilwa and Malawi. However, other specimens have been found far from this region, such as in Cape Delgado Province, in north-eastern Mozambique, and Mwaya in south-western Tanzania.[2]
Habitat
Almost always found in low-lying marshes, floodplains and land frequently used for grazing cattle. The soil is never too dry, since this would make it difficult for the rodents that they feed on to dig their burrows. These snakes are entirely terrestrial and are usually found in or around these rodent burrows.[4]
Behavior
One of the distinguishing characteristics of the Atheris group (to which Proatheris is closely related), is that they have prehensile tails. With Proatheris, the young and subadults have this capability, but it is diminished in the adults.[4]
Feeding
Preys mainly on small frogs and toads. Occasionally, it also feeds on small rodents.[2]
Venom
First known case reported by Els (1988) involving a 20 cm juvenile and 24-year-old victim penetrated by a single fang. The results were painful, but there were none of the strongly hemotoxic symptoms that had been associated with Atheris venom up to that point.[4]
In a second case in 1996, however, the victim experienced severe hemolysis and complete platelet destruction after which the liver and kidneys began to fail. When it was feared that the patient may die from hemolytic-uremic syndrome, a plasmapheresis was performed. Luckily, the patient survived, but it is now obvious that P. superciliaris venom is very hemotoxic.[9]
Taxonomy
This species was previously placed in the genus Atheris based on skull characteristics and because of its partially prehensile tail.[4] The name Proatheris is Latin for "before-atheris".[6]
See also
- List of viperine species and subspecies
- Snakebite
- Viperinae by common name
- Viperinae by taxonomic synonyms
References
- ^ a b c McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ^ a b c d e Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
- ^ a b Proatheris superciliaris at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 9 August 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
- ^ "Proatheris superciliaris". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634427. Retrieved 31 July 2006.
- ^ a b Proatheris superciliaris at The World Of Atheris. Accessed 9 September 2007.
- ^ Brown JH. 1973. Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
- ^ U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
- ^ Venom at The World Of Atheris. Accessed 9 September 2007.
Further reading
- Els R. 1988. Atheris superciliaris envenomation. J Herpetol Assoc Afr 34:52.
- Marais J. 1992. A Complete Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa. Malabar (FL): Krieger Publishing. 248 pp.
- Marx H., Rabb G.B. 1965. Phyletic analysis of fifty characters of advanced snakes. Field Zool 63:1-321.
- Stevens RA. 1973. A report on the lowland viper, Atheris superciliaris from the Lake Chilwa floodplain of Malawi. Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 22:1-22.
External links
- Proatheris at Herpbreeder.com. Accessed 26 September 2006.
- Proatheris superciliaris image at Swissherp.org. Accessed 8 October 2006.
- Proatheris image at Glades Herp. Accessed 9 August 2007.
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