Siege of the Alcázar

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Siege of the Alcázar


caption=Alcázar of Toledo today
partof=the Spanish Civil War
date=July 21 – September 27, 1936
place=Toledo, Spain
result=Nationalist victory
combatant1=flagicon|Spain|1931 Spanish Republic
combatant2=flagicon|Spain|1939 Nationalist Spain
commander1=Cándido Cabello
commander2=José Moscardó Ituarte,
Pedro Romero Basart
strength1=8,000 militia
strength2=1,028 regulars and militia
casualties1=Unknown
casualties2=65 dead,
438 wounded,
22 missing|

The Siege of the Alcázar was a highly symbolic Nationalist victory in Toledo in the opening stages of the Spanish Civil War. The Alcázar of Toledo was held by a variety of military forces in favor of the Nationalist uprising. Militias of the parties in the Popular Front began their siege on July 21, that ended on September 27 with the arrival of the Army of Africa under Francisco Franco.

Background

On July 17, 1936, Francisco Franco proclaimed a revolt of the military forces in Spanish Morocco. In response to the uprising in Morocco, on July 18 the military governor of the province of Toledo, Colonel Moscardó, ordered the "Guardia Civil" of the province to Toledo. During the 19th and 20th of July, various attempts were made by the War Ministry of the Republican government to obtain the munitions in the Arms Factory at Toledo. Each time, Colonel Moscardó refused and was threatened that a force from Madrid would be sent against him.

Forces

The Republican forces dispatched to Toledo consisted of approximately 8,000 men of the militias of the FAI, CNT and the UGT. They had several pieces of artillery, a few armoured cars and about 2 or 3 tanks. The Republican Air Force performed reconnaissance, spotted for the artillery and bombed the Alcázar on 35 occasions.

Those that participated in the Nationalist uprising were the 800"Luchando por Franco: Voluntarios europeos al servicio de la España fascista, 1936-1939", page 61, Judith Keene, Salvat, 2002, ISBN 84-345-6893-4. Original English title: "Fighting for Franco". ] men of the "Guardia Civil", a handful of cadets of the Military Academy (though propaganda gave them a great relevance), one hundred Army officials and 110 civilians from right-wing political parties. The only weapons that they possessed were rifles, a few old machine guns and some grenades, but the officials and Guardia Civil had managed to bring in abundant ammunition"Luchando por Franco", page 63] .

Approximately 670 civilians (five hundred women and 50 children"Luchando por Franco", page 62.] lived in the Alcázar for the duration of the siege. Many of these were the family members of the "Guardia Civil" while others had fled from the advancing Republican militias. The women were given no role in the defense of the Alcázar; they were not even allowed to cook or nurse. However, their presence in the Alcázar provided the men with the moral courage to continue the defense. The civilians were kept safe from Republican attacks, the five civilians that died were due to natural causes. There were two births during the siege. One of the babies born, who eventually became an Officer in the Spanish Army, was expelled from the Army in the late 70´s for joining the Unión Militar Democrática (UME).

Additionally, ten prisoners captured during sorties in Toledo and several hostages were held by the Nationalists through the duration of the siege. Among the hostages were the Civil Governor of the province and his family. [Thomas, p157]

ymbolism

The Alcázar became the residence of the Spanish monarchs after the reconquest of Toledo from the Moors, but was abandoned by Philip II and in the 18th century was converted into a military academy. The Republican militias and volunteers from Madrid and France came to fight at Toledo because they believed that they were fighting against a restoration of the monarchy, against the dominance of the military and to preserve the democratic institutions of Spain. The Nationalists saw the Alcázar as a representation of the strength and dominance of Spain. Losing the Alcázar to the Republicans would have been a serious blow to the Nationalists' vision and morale.

After a fire in 1886, parts of the Álcazar had been reinforced with steel and concrete beams.

iege

July 21

A proclamation declaring a "State of War" was read by a Captain of the Military Academy at 7 a.m. in the Zocodover, the main plaza of Toledo. Orders were given for the arrest of well-known left-wing activists in Toledo, but only the leader of the local prison was arrested.

The Republican troops sent from Madrid first arrived at the Hospital of Tavera on the outskirts of Toledo, but redirected their attack towards the Arms Factory upon receiving heavy fire from the hospital. A detachment of 200 "Guardia Civil" was stationed at the Arms Factory and negotiations with the Republicans ensued. During these talks, the "Guardia Civil" loaded trucks with ammunition from the factory and sent it to the Alcázar before evacuating and destroying the factory.

July 22–August 13

By July 22, the Republicans controlled most of Toledo and sought the surrender of the Alcázar by artillery bombardment or starvation. For the duration of the siege, the Nationalists engaged in a passive defense, only returning fire when an attack was imminent.

Colonel Moscardó was called on the telephone by the chief of the Worker's Militia on the morning of July 23 in Toledo and told that if the Alcázar were not surrendered within ten minutes, his son Luis would be shot. Colonel Moscardó asked to speak to his son and his son asked what he should do. His father replied, "then commend your soul to God, shout 'Viva España' and die like a hero." To which the son said, "That is quite simple. Both I will do." Colonel Moscardó then told the chief of the Worker's Militia that he would not surrender the Alcázar and a few minutes later he received a call stating that his son had been shot. [Moss, p44] A similar story is found in the Reconquista when Guzmán el Bueno refused to surrender Tarifa to the Moors.In fact, it was not until a month later—August 23—that his son was shot. [Thomas, p203] Historians Herbert Southworth"El mito de la Cruzada de Franco", Herbert R. Southworth, Plaza & Janés Editores, Barcelona, pages 92-120. Referenced in "Luchando por Franco", page 74.] and Isabelo Herreros"Mitología de la cruz de Franco. El Alcázar de Toledo", Isabelo Herreros, Madrid, Vosa, 1995. Referenced in "Luchando por Franco", page 74.] doubt the official version about the conversation and the shooting: Luis Moscardó had liberal tendences, and his entry in the log of the Toledo cemetery was done retroactively. [Herreros marks April 1956, when his corpse was moved to the crypt of the Alcázar next to his recently deceased father.]

August 14–September 17

On August 14, the Republican changed tactics after they felt the defences on the northern side of the Alcázar had been sufficiently reduced. Over the next five weeks, the Republicans attacked the House of the Military Government on eleven occasions, but were turned back each time by the Nationalists. Had the Republicans captured the House of the Military Government, it would have enabled them to mass a large number of troops only convert|40|yd away from the Alcázar.

An envoy from the Republicans, Major Rojo, was sent to Colonel Moscardó on September 9 to ask for the surrender of the Alcázar. This was refused, but Colonel Moscardó requested for a priest to be sent to baptize the two children born during the siege and to also say Mass.

Vázquez Camarassa, a Madrid preacher with left-wing views, was sent to the Alcázar during the morning of September 11, performed the necessary functions and issued a General Absolution to the defenders of the Alcázar. That evening, Major Rojo met with Colonel Moscardó for the release of the women and children. The women unanimously replied that they would never surrender and if need be would take up arms for the defense of the Alcázar. [Moss, p203]

The Chilean Ambassador to Spain, José Ramon Gutierrez, having heard that the previous attempts for surrender failed, went on September 12 to secure the surrender of the Alcázar. He was unable to contact Colonel Moscardó because the telephone wires had been damaged the previous night from grenades thrown by the Republican militias and was also unwilling to use other methods of communication.

eptember 18

From August 16 the Republicans had been digging two mines towards the southwest tower of the Alcázar. On the morning of September 18, explosives in the mines were detonated by Francisco Largo Caballero, [Moss, p217] completely destroying the southwest tower and the two defenders in it. Approximately 10 minutes after the explosion, the Republicans launched four attacks on the Alcázar with the aid of armored cars and tanks. The attacks failed after a determined defense by the Nationalists, but the Republicans responded with a continuous bombardment of the Alcázar by its artillery throughout the night and into the next day.

eptember 19–26

The bombardment of the outlying buildings had been so great that communication with them and the Alcázar had become impossible. A withdrawal of the buildings was ordered and by the night of September 21, the garrison was left to defend what remained of the Alcázar. The Republicans attacked the outlying buildings on the morning of September 22, but progress was slow because they did not realize that the buildings had been abandoned.

At 5 a.m. on September 23, the Republicans assaulted the northern breaches of the Alcázar and surprised the defenders by lobbing grenades and dynamite. The Nationalists were driven into the courtyard of the Alcázar, but reserves arrived to drive back the attack.

A fresh assault was mounted later in the morning on the Alcázar, this time a tank led the charge. Wave after wave of Republican soldiers attacked the breaches, but after 45 minutes the attack had ground to a halt and collapsed.

Relief

The first sign of an advancing Nationalist column was on August 22 when a plane sent by Franco dropped a trunk of food into the Alcázar along with a message to the defenders that the Army of Africa was on its way to relieve the garrison. By September 26, the Nationalist columns had reached the village of Bargas, four miles (6 km) north of Toledo. The position of the Republicans in Toledo grew desperate and on the morning of September 27 they made a final assault on the Alcázar. The attack was repulsed and shortly after the Nationalists swarmed down from Bargas to end the siege.

After the arrival of the main Nationalist force, most of the Republican troops fell back in disorder on Aranjuez. The Nationalists conducted a massacre of those Republicans who remained in Toledo, including 200 wounded militiamen they found in a hospital, whom they killed with grenades and knives [Anthony Beevor, The Spanish Civil War (1999), p.105]

Aftermath

Apart from a small arms factory, Toledo was a city of no military value to either side; the Nationalist forces there were isolated, badly equipped and in no condition to conduct offensive operations. Yet the Republicans —due to the increasingly symbolic value of the Alcázar as weeks went by— threw badly needed men, artillery and weapons (which could have been used to confront Franco's northern advance through western Spain) into the fortress capture. The Republican government believed that since the garrison was only convert|40|mi|km southwest of Madrid and would not be receiving any immediate help from the other Nationalist forces that it would be an easy propaganda victory. The press was invited by the Republican government to witness the explosion of the mines and storming of the Alcázar on September 18, but it wasn't until September 29 that the press entered the Alcázar, this time by the invitation of the Nationalists, turning the whole thing into a huge propaganda victory for these, mining in turn the Republican morale.

Franco's decision to relieve the defenders of the Alcázar was a controversial one at the time. Many of his advisers thought that he should have kept up the advance towards Madrid because the besiegers of the Alcázar would have been recalled to Madrid for its defense. However, Franco believed that the propaganda value of the Alcázar was more important and ordered the Army of Africa to relieve it. Two days after the relief of the Alcázar, Franco was proclaimed "Generalissimo" and in October was declared the head of state.

The story of the siege was very interesting for foreign supporters of Franco, who would read the several books published in foreign languages, and would strive for meeting Moscardó when visiting wartime Spain.

In Popular Culture

The siege was the basis for the prize-winning 1940 Italian Fascist propaganda film, "L'assedio dell'Alcazar", directed by Augusto Genina. In Spanish, the film is known as "Sin novedad en el Alcázar".

References

General

*Major Geoffrey MacNeill Moss. "The Siege of the Alcázar: A History of the Siege of the Toledo Alcázar, 1936". New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1937. Moss arrived to Toledo three weeks after the end of the siege and stayed for three months, interviewing survivors and checking reports by Moscardó and the internal newspaper. It was re-published and translated several times. While Moss admires the defenders, he is careful in distinguishing his conjectures from oral reportsEvaluation of Moss's book in "Luchando por Franco", page 73] .
*Thomas, Hugh. "The Spanish Civil War". New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961.

Notes

ee also

*"El Alcázar" was a Spanish newspaper targeting the "búnker", the hardline supporters of Francoism even after Franco's death.See also the closing section of "The Dangerous Years" by Gilbert Frankau, in which one of the characters and his wife are caught up in the siege.Whilst the book is "fiction" the scenes in the Alcazar follow closely descriptions in the above article.

External links

* [http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/swphotojournalism/Toledo.html Photographs of the siege and aftermath]
* [http://www.alcazar.net/history.html Moscardó diary excerpt and image of the Alcázar collapsing]
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&ll=39.858162,-4.02061&spn=0.00208,0.003546 Satellite image from Google Maps]