Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California

Boyle Heights is a district east of Downtown Los Angeles on the East Side of Los Angeles, California, USA. The Heights are on the East side of the Los Angeles River. For much of the twentieth century, Boyle Heights was a gateway for new immigrants. This resulted in diverse demographics, including Jewish American, Japanese American & Mexican American populations, as well as Russian American and Yugoslav populations. Now the neighborhood is over 95% Hispanic according to the 2000 US Census.

Geography and transportation

Boyle Heights lies on the east bank of the Los Angeles River. It comprises the bluffs for which the district is named and the muddy flats ("The Flats") below them. The district's boundaries are roughly Mission Road on the north, the Los Angeles city limits on the east and south, and the river on the west. Downtown Los Angeles lies to the west, Lincoln Heights lies to the north, City Terrace and East Los Angeles are to the east, Commerce is to the southeast, and Vernon is to the south. Major thoroughfares include Whittier Boulevard; Cesar E. Chavez Avenue; and State, Soto, Lorena, 1st, and 4th Streets.

"All Roads lead to Boyle Heights"

Boyle Heights was once called Paredon Blanco (White Bluffs) when California was part of Mexico. [Sanchez, George J., "'What's Good for Boyle Heights is Good for the Jews': Creating Multiculturalism on the Eastside during the 1950s", "American Quarterly" 56.3 (2004) 663-661 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_quarterly/v056/56.3sanchez.html] ] Boyle Heights has long been a destination for newcomers to Los Angeles. Andrew Boyle, for whom the area is named, was an Irish immigrant who established his home in the area in 1858. His son-in-law, William H. Workman, served as mayor and city councilman and helped build the water lines, bridges, and public transportation that connected Boyle Heights across the river to the city center and made it a viable place to live. By the end of the 19th century, many well-to-do residents and civic leaders resided in Boyle Heights.

As Los Angeles expanded into an industrializing city, the population of Boyle Heights both grew and diversified. Many people moved east of the Los Angeles River due to downtown development, rising real estate values, and racially discriminatory housing restrictions in other parts of the city.

Throughout the past century, people moved to Boyle Heights in search of new opportunities. Some came after being driven out of their countries of origin by wars, persecution, and adverse economic circumstances. All of these people, old and new residents alike, impacted the neighborhood they shared as they created homes and communities supporting their diverse talents, interests, and needs.

The massive East Los Angeles Interchange is located in Boyle Heights on the eastern bank of the Los Angeles River, allowing access to the Golden State (I-5), Hollywood (U.S. Route 101), Pomona (SR 60), San Bernardino (I-10), Santa Ana (I-5), and Santa Monica (I-10) freeways.

The Edward R. Roybal Metro Gold Line Eastside Extension

In 2004, the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) began work on the "Edward R. Roybal Metro Gold Line Eastside Extension" of its Gold Line through Boyle Heights. MTA had planned to run the line at grade level along 1st Street, but community opposition concerned for the potential loss of affordable housing led it to instead route the line through the district as a subway before it emerges as a standard grade-level light rail line in East Los Angeles. (Ironically, this route was planned as part of the Red Line subway before 1998, when county voters passed a proposition banning use of existing sales tax revenues for subway construction.) The Eastside Extension is expected to open in 2009.

History

Originally owned by the early L.A. Boyle-Workman family, the district was subdivided in 1875 and named after Andrew Boyle. Traditionally one of the most heterogeneous neighborhoods in the city, it was a center of Jewish, Mexican and Japanese immigrant life in the early 20th century, and also hosted large Yugoslav and Russian populations. Canter's Deli, one of Los Angeles' culinary landmarks and a beloved fixture in the city's Jewish community, was originally located in Boyle Heights before it followed its customer base to the Fairfax District in the 1940s. However, during and after World War II, most of its non-Latino population left for Mid-Wilshire, the San Gabriel and San Fernando valleys, and the West Side. A large percentage of Boyle Heights' population also was interned in relocation camps such as Manzanar during World War II, and did not return after the war. This evolution is evidenced, among many other ways, by the name of the district's main drag: once Brooklyn Avenue, it was rechristened Cesar E. Chavez Avenue in 1994.

Breed Street Shul

Opened in 1923, the Breed Street Shul, located at 247 North Breed Street, was one of the oldest synagogues on West Coast of the United States. Boyle Heights was a predominantly Jewish community for many years, but slowly the demographic changed to a large Latino community, and the synagogue steadily lost congregation members.

Breed Street Shul was finally abandoned in 1996, with the building becoming ramshackle. Shortly afterward, an effort was made to renovate the synagogue, and to preserve the site for posterity. In 1999, the nonprofit Breed Street Shul Project, Inc., a subsidiary of the Jewish Historical Society of Southern California (JHS), officially undertook the restoration project. The project has been completed, and Breed Street Shul is now considered a national historic landmark.fact|date=January 2008

The Flats

Unlike the middle- and lower-middle-class neighborhoods on the bluffs, "The Flats" was one of the most impoverished areas of the city, and by the 1930s was considered one of the last remaining slums in the United States. Those living in the "Heights" did not consider the flats part of Boyle Heights. The City of Los Angeles had separate neighborhood signs to mark the areas in the flats [observation of signs and interviews with former residents~~~~] .

Reformer Jacob Riis had visited The Flats in the early 1910s and declared them worse than anything in New York; a survey [http://www.hacla.org/news_links/HistoricalExhibit/HistoricalExhibit.htm] conducted by the city in the 1937 deemed 20% of the city's dwellings "unfit for human habitation," including most of The Flats. During World War II, the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA) razed The Flats and built housing projects in their place, resulting in Aliso Village and Pico Gardens. Like most of HACLA's 1940s projects, Aliso Village and Pico Gardens were hailed at the time of their construction as some of the finest examples of the principles espoused by the garden city movement, and were racially integrated to boot.

Soon after the end the war, Aliso Village and Pico Gardens lost most of their non-Latino populations, and were increasingly populated by Mexican immigrants. With the river on one side and a massive rail yard on another, the construction of the East Los Angeles Interchange further isolated them from the rest of the city, and the closure of the Pacific Electric Railway dramatically reduced the mobility of many of the projects' residents. By the 1970s, overcrowding had eliminated much of Aliso Village's once-vaunted green spaces, physical deterioration had become rampant, and gangs were an increasing problem. In the 1980s the residents of Aliso Village and Pico Gardens began to organize with the support of Dolores Mission Church and its community Organization UNO and began to address these problems. By the late eighties the residents of the two housing projects had developed a network of community groups that pushed for better services and began negotiating truces between the different gangs, thus reducing the level of violence. In 1996, HACLA wrote off both projects, against the residents desires; Pico Gardens was razed and rebuilt eliminating half of the units in the development. Aliso Village was demolished and replaced with the New Urbanist, Pueblo del Sol "workforce housing" project. In the process two-thirds of the residents of the two housing projects were displaced.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 86,734 people in the neighborhood. The racial identification of the neighborhood is 93.73% Latino, 2.44% Asian, 2.18% White (Nonhispanic), 1.65% Other races.

Fire service

Los Angeles Fire Department [http://www.lafd.org/fs2.htm Station 2] (Boyle Heights) and [http://www.lafd.org/fs25.htm Station 25] (South Boyle Heights) are in Boyle Heights.

Education

Elementary

Los Angeles Unified School District operates Boyle Heights' public schools.
* [http://lausd.k12.ca.us/Sheridan_EL/ Sheridan Street Elementary School]
* [http://www.lausd.k12.ca.us/2nd_Street_EL/ 2nd Street Elementary School]
* [http://www.lausd.k12.ca.us/Utah_EL/ Utah Street Elementary School]
*Breed Street Elementary School
*Dena Elementary School
*First Street Elementary School
*Euclid Elementary School
*Soto Street Elementary
*Bridge Street Elementary School
*Evergreen Elementary School
*Lorena Street Elementary School
*Malabar Elementary
*Sunrise Elementary

Middle School

* [http://www.hollenbeckms.org/ Hollenbeck Middle School]
* [http://www.lausd.k12.ca.us/Stevenson_Ms Robert Louis Stevenson Middle School]

High School

* Roosevelt High School [http://www.rooseveltlausd.org]
* Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School [http://www.bravoweb.lausd.k12.ca.us/.com]
* Boyle Heights Continuation High School
* Ramona Opportunity High School

Private schools

*Dolores Mission School [http://www.proyectopastoral.org]
*Santa Isabel School
*Santa Teresita Elementary School
*Saint Mary's Elementary School
*Our Lady of Talpa Elementary School
*White Memorial Adventist School
*Resurrection Elementary School
*Assumption Parish School

Local Private/Catholic High School

*Bishop Mora Salesian High School

College/Universities/Trade Schools

* East Los Angeles Occupational Center
* East Los Angeles Adult Skill Center
* Keck School of Medicine of USC
* [http://www.elac.edu/ E.L.A.C.]
* [http://www.calstatela.edu/ C.S.U.L.A.]

Landmarks

* [http://www.vbgc.org/index.asp Variety Boys and Girls Club]
* [http://www.ladhs.org/phcommon/public/adrs/adrsprogdetail.cfm?orgid=118&unit=clinics&prog=clinics&ou=dhs LAC+USC/Los Angeles General County Hospital] /University of Southern California Health Sciences Campus
*Estrada Courts Murals
*Evergreen Cemetery
* [http://www.whitememorial.com/content/index.asp White Memorial Hospital]
*Breed Street Shul
*Historic Brooklyn Avenue Corridor now Cesar E. Chavez Avenue
*Mariachi Plaza
*Hollenbeck Park
*Santa Fe/Linda Vista Hospital
* Sears Building, Olympic Boulevard and Soto St.
*El Corrido de Boyle Heights, Brooklyn Ave. & Soto St - East Los Streetscrapers
*International Institute of Los Angeles, Boyle Ave.
*Malabar Public Library
*Robert L. Stevenson Public Library
*Benjamin Franklin Public Library
*St. Mary's Catholic church (4th and Chicago Streets)

Demolished Landmarks

*Soto-Michigan Jewish Community Center [http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=15558.com]
*Aliso Village
*Pico Gardens
*No.54 Historic 6th Street Wooden Bridge - Hollenbeck Park, Los Angeles, demolished 1968
*Benjamin Franklin Library
*Brooklyn Theatre
*Johnson's Market

Notable residents

Politics

* Antonio Villaraigosa, Mayor of Los Angeles
* Jose Huizar, Democratic politician
* Nick Pacheco, Democratic politician
* Edward R. Roybal, WWII Veteran, Democrat in the United States House of Representatives for the 30th district and later for the 25th district of California and was the first Mexican American member of the Los Angeles City Council.
* Paul Bannai First Japanese American to ever serve in the California State Legislature.
* Julian Nava, 1st Mexican-American to serve in the L.A.U.S.D
* Eugene A. Obregon, Korean War Medal of Honor
* Judge Harry Pregerson United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
* Lucille Roybal-Allard United States House of Representatives, 34th District.
* Nativo Lopez Immigrant Right Activist
* George Nakano California State Assemblyman, First Japanese to serve in the City of Torrance City Council
* Sheldon Andelson First openly gay person to be appointed to the University of California Regents or any high position in state government.
* Fred Okrand First Legal Director of the Southern California Chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union
*Zev Yaroslavsky Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 3rd District

ports

*Donald Sterling, Los Angeles Clippers owner (he was raised in this neighborhood as a child)
*Joe Gold, Bodybuilder and founder of Gold's Gym
*Sam Balter, 1936 Olympic Gold Medal - Basketball
*Art Aragon Lightweight Boxer, 1944 to 1960, was "The Golden Boy" long before Oscar De La Hoya was born.
*Willie Davis, Fastest Man in Baseball, Dodgers
*Mike Garrett, Two-time All-American - USC Heisman Trophy Winner 1965
*Paul Gonzales, 1st Mexican American to win a Gold Medal, 1984 Olympics Boxing.
*Pancho Gonzales, 1st [Mexican American] broke through 1940s World Tennis Championship
*Oscar de la Hoya - Boxer

Entertainment

*Edward James Olmos, Actor
*Josefina Lopez, Writer (Writer of Real Women Have Curves)
*Lew Wasserman, A Hollywood agent and studio executive
*Don Tosti, Musician, Composer
*Lou Adler, Record company owner, record producer, manager, and director
*will.i.am, Grammy Producer and member of the Black Eyed Peas

Arts & Literature

*Isamu Noguchi Landscape Architect
*Jack Chick Cartoonist
*Rodolfo Acuña Historian, Author, Professor
*Harry Gamboa, Jr., Artist
*Daniel Ramos,Artist. AKA "CHAKA"

History

* Julius Shulman, World Famous photographer of architecture
* Harold M. Williams, Dean UCLA Graduate School of Management, Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, Creator of The New Getty Center Los Angeles
* Father Greg Boyle, S.J. founder of [http://www.homeboy-industries.org Homeboy-Industries]
* Joe Otoniel Tamayo, Fought in WWII(104th Inf. Div, 804thOrd., Co. "Timberwolves"-involved in the first liberation of a concerntration camp), fought in the Battle of the Buldge, was a background dancer in The Razor's Edge(1946) starring Tyrone Power, one of the first jewelers ever to work on the electronic watch in Southern California, member of the long, established Tamayo Family, in Boyle Heights since the 1920's.

References

External links

* [http://www.leaguelineup.com/welcome.asp?url=bhwp/ Boyle Heights Wolfpack]
* [http://kcet.org/explore-ca/departures/ Departures: Boyle Heights (kcet.org)]
* [http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/pase/bhproject/ Boyle Heights: Neighborhood Sites and Insights]
* [http://www.janm.org/boyleheights/ Boyle Heights: Power of Place]
* [http://www.laforum.org/issues/more.php?id=69_0_10_0_C History of Aliso Village]
* [http://www.breedstreetshul.org/ Breed Street Shul Project, Inc.]
* [http://www.bhlc.net/ Boyle Heights Learning Collaborative]
* [http://www.myspace.com/paredonblanco Boyle Heights Pride MySpace]
* [http://farmhousemagazine.com/17Semmons.html Seth Emmons. "The Problematic Face of Change in Boyle Heights." Farmhouse Magazine, March 2008]