1860s

1860s

Events and trends

Technology

* The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA was completed in 1869.
* The Suez Canal in Egypt is opened in 1869.

cience

* Alfred Nobel creates dynamite in Germany
* James Clerk Maxwell publishes his equations that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation
* Gregor Mendel formulates Mendel's laws of inheritance, the basis for genetics
* Dimitri Mendeleev develops the modern periodic table
* Helium was first "detected" during the total solar eclipse of August 18, 1868 in parts of India. It was the first eclipse expedition in which a spectroscope was used.
* J. Norman Lockyer and Pierre Janssen are honored for their discovery of the nature of the Sun's "prominences". They were the first to notice bright spectral emission lines when viewing the limb of the Sun without the aid of a total solar eclipse.

War, peace and politics

*Italian Unification under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States (March 17, 1861 - September 20, 1870).
* American Civil War fought between the remaining United States of America under President Abraham Lincoln and the self-declared Confederate States of America under President Jefferson Davis (April 12, 1861 - April 9, 1865). Beginning of the Reconstruction era under President Andrew Johnson (1865 - 1869).
* French occupation of Mexico (1863 - 1867). Replacement of President of Mexico Benito Juárez (1861 - 1863) at first with Juan Nepomuceno Almonte (1863 - 1864) and then by Emperor Maximilian of Mexico (1864 - 1867). Benito Juárez eventually manages to recover his position (1867 - 1872).
*Meiji Restoration in Japan (1866 - 1869). Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last of the Tokugawa shoguns loses control to the Meiji Emperor. A series of reforms follows. The samurai class fails to survive while the Daimyo turn to politics.
* The Dominion of Canada is created by the British North America Act - July 1 1867
* President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, April 15, 1865.
* Florence Nightingale founds school for nurses in 1860.
* On 18 October 1860 the first Convention of Peking formally ended the Second Opium War.
* On 19 July 1864 the Nanjing fallen down formally ended 14 years the Taiping Rebellion‎.

Culture and religion

* In Catholicism, reaction against higher is formed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, paving the way for Association football to become the world's predominant spectator sport
* The Seventh-day Adventist Church becomes officially established in 1863 in Battle Creek, Michigan.
* Bahá'u'lláh declares his station as "One who was made Manifest", in the Garden of Ridván, as foretold by the Báb. Bahá'ís see this as the beginning date of the Bahá'í Faith.
* The Christian Mission, later renamed The Salvation Army, is co-founded by William and Catherine Booth in London, England in 1865.

Other

* The London Fire Brigade was established in 1865.

Literature and Arts

* Leo Tolstoy publishes "War and Peace".
* Fyodor Dostoevsky publishes "Crime and Punishment".
* Lewis Carroll publishes "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland".
* Impressionism went public.

World leaders

* Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
* Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
* Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
* King William I, German Emperor (Germany)
* King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
* Pope Pius IX
* Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
* Queen Isabella II (Spain)
* Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
* Prime Minister Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
* Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
* Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
* President James Buchanan (United States)
* President Abraham Lincoln (United States)
* President Andrew Johnson (United States)
* President Jefferson Davis (Confederate States of America)
* President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
* Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
* Emperor Kōmei (Japan)
* Emperor Meiji (Japan)
* Emperor Xianfeng (China)
* Emperor Tongzhi (China)

Links

* 1860s in fashion


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • 1860s in fashion — 1860s fashion in European and European influenced clothing is characterized by extremely full skirted women s fashions relying on crinolines and hoops and the emergence of alternative fashions under the influence of the Artistic Dress movement.… …   Wikipedia

  • 1860s in association football — The following are the association football related events of the decade 1860s around the world.Events*1860 mdash; Lausanne Football and Cricket Club is founded, the oldest club in continental Europe to later play Association football. Other clubs …   Wikipedia

  • 1860s in sociology — The following events related to sociology occurred in the 1860s.1861Events *Sir Henry James Sumner Maine s Ancient Law is published1862Events *Lewis Morgan s The Indian Journals is published. *Herbert Spencer s First Principles is… …   Wikipedia

  • 1860s — noun the decade from 1860 to 1869 • Hypernyms: ↑decade, ↑decennary, ↑decennium …   Useful english dictionary

  • 1860s in the United States — Events and Trends For more trends, see 19th century in the United States * 1861 1865: The ruinous American Civil War, illustrating severe sectional tensions, kills two percent of the population. Leaders …   Wikipedia

  • 1860s in Wales — This article is about the particular significance of the decade 1860 1869 to Wales and its people. Incumbents*Prince of Wales Edward Albert, son of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom *Princess of Wales Alexandra of Denmark (from… …   Wikipedia

  • Jacques Offenbach — Offenbach in the 1860s Jacques Offenbach (20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880) was a Prussian born French composer, cellist and impresario. He is remembered for his nearly 100 operettas of the 1850s–1870s and his uncompleted opera The Tales of Hoffmann …   Wikipedia

  • ZIONISM — This article is arranged according to the following outline: the word and its meaning forerunners ḤIBBAT ZION ROOTS OF ḤIBBAT ZION background to the emergence of the movement the beginnings of the movement PINSKER S AUTOEMANCIPATION settlement… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • Ironclad warship — An ironclad was a steam propelled warship of the later 19th century, protected by iron or steel armor plates. [Hill, Richard. War at Sea in the Ironclad Age ISBN 0 304 35273 X; p.17] The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of… …   Wikipedia

  • Department of the Platte — The Department of the Platte as it existed beginning June 22, 1875. Active 1866–1898 Country United States …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”