- Citizenship education
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There are two very different kinds of citizenship education,
The first is education intended to prepare noncitizens to become legally and socially accepted as citizens. Secondly, there is Citizenship Education that is taught in schools, as an academic subject similar to politics or sociology.[citation needed]
Contents
Citizenship education for new citizens
Education intended to prepare noncitizens to become legally and social accepted as citizens is carried out by a variety of governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGO).
Netherlands
In the Netherlands the citizen education for new citizens is called "inburgeringsplicht" (see Integration law for new immigrants to the Netherlands). In many cases the foreigner is obliged to learn very basic Dutch and basic knowledge about Dutch society while still abroad and he or she must pass an exam abroad before receiving a visa for temporary residence. All this depends on certain criteria (especially what country the foreigner comes from).[1]
United States
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the [United States], government programs prepared immigrants to take citizenship exams or qualify for citizenship. Many corporations, most prominently Ford, offered similar programs to their employees and families of their employees. In addition, various charities also provided this service.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom in 2002, David Blunkett introduced a series of proposals where immigrants would take a written "test" and participate in a ceremony before they could be granted British nationality. Before being given a passport, applicants read Life in the United Kingdom (a book providing information about the UK), prepare for and sit a 45-minute test on British society, history and culture.
Citizenship education in schools
England
In 2002, Citizenship was introduced as a statutory subject in the English National Curriculum, following the recommendations of the Crick Report in 1998.[2] It is taught as part of the school curriculum to all pupils aged 11–16 years old in maintained schools in England.
The National Curriculum for citizenship in England contributes to the overall aims of the national curriculum, that children should develop as successful learners, confident individuals and responsible citizens who make a positive contribution to society. The Citizenship curriculum is based on key concepts (democracy, justice, rights and responsibilities, identities and diversity) that children need to understand and key processes and skills (critical thinking and enquiry, advocacy and representation, taking informed and responsible action) they need to develop. The National Curriculum for citizenship sets out teaching requirements that address a wide range of content including politics, parliament and government, the operation of the legal system, how the economy functions, the role of the media, human rights, Europe and international relations. Teachers use topical political and social issues to bring citizenship content to life and to help pupils develop key citizenship skills of research, discussion and debate, as well as to represent the views of others, think critically, evaluate and reflect. The Citizenship curriculum aims to develop student's ability to participate in communities and wider society as informed, critical and responsible citizens. The purpose of "active citizenship" is to teach students to work together and take practical action, using their Citizenship knowledge and understanding to contribute to a better society. For example, after learning about human rights, diversity and inequality, students might decide to set up a project to address racism in their school or local community. Other examples of active Citizenship projects include starting recycling programmes, setting up student action groups to address bullying or promote fair trade or campaigning to lower the voting age to 16.
A GCSE in "Citizenship Studies" is available for students in key stage 4. The three main awarding bodies in England (AQA, OCR and Edexcel) offer this qualification as a full and a short course. The qualification includes a controlled assessment based on an active citizenship project they have taken part in. There is also an A level in Citizenship Studies which is available through AQA. This qualification is valued by leading Universities including the University of Cambridge. More than 500,000 young people have now attained qualifications in Citizenship Studies since 2002.
A review by Sir Jim Rose of the primary national curriculum during 2009, was expected to lead the introduction of citizenship as a statutory part of the primary education during 2010. However, the Education Bill fell at its last hurdle in parliament so the subject remains non-statutory in primary schools. Most primary schools already teach citizenship through their curriculum. Materials to support the teaching of citizenship in primary and secondary schools and in post 16 settings were published by QCA (now the Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency).
In October 2005, the House of Commons Education and Skills Select Committee began an inquiry into Citizenship Education, which reported in March 2007.[3] They took written and oral evidence from a wide range of individuals including a range of Headteachers and Sir Bernard Crick, and organisations including the Department for Children, Schools and Families, the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, the Learning and Skills Network, Ofsted, the Association of Citizenship Teachers (ACT), the Citizenship Foundation and the Hansard Society.
The Committee concluded that "It is too early to say with any degree of confidence whether citizenship education is producing the wide range of impacts originally hoped for. Initial evidence from small-scale studies and the experience of individual institutions is promising but on its own not enough...The imperative now is to ensure that patchiness [in the provision of citizenship teaching] is not allowed to remain, that high quality provision becomes the norm, and that progress is accelerated. This will require action from those on the ground, but also needs strong support from the DfES and Ministers."[3]
Comparisons with civic and citizenship education in other countries have been subject to extensive research by the NfER and further information is available at http://www.nfer.ac.uk/research/projects/cels/ and http://www.iea.nl/icces.html
The Coalition government is currently reviewing the National Curriculum in England. For more see http://www.democraticlife.org.uk
Republic of Ireland
Citizenship studies was introduced as a compulsory subject in the 1990s in the Republic of Ireland. It is known as CSPE (Civic, Social and Political Education) and is taught to 12-16 year olds. In 2009 it is expected that an additional subject currently under the working title 'Society and Politics' will be offered as a subject to students between 16–18 years of age in high schools in the Republic of Ireland.
France
In France citizenship education is known as ECJS (education civique, juridique et sociale) in the high school and "éducation civique" in the middle school and primary school.[4] The French ban on face covering imposes participation in citizenship education, and/or a fine of up to €150, for those who violate the law.[5]
Spain
In Spain a recent law introduced EpC (Educación para la Ciudadanía). See Education for Citizenship (Spain) for more information.
Finland
In Finland citizenship education is known as YH, YT or YO. (Yhteiskuntaoppi)
Norway
In Norway citizenship education is the primary mandate of Social Studies.[6]
Indonesia
Citizenship education in Indonesia is nationally designed and implemented.[7]
Criticism of citizenship education in schools
Criticism of citizenship education in schools argues that merely teaching children about the theory of citizenship education is ineffective, unless schools themselves reflect democratic practices by giving children the opportunity to have a say over decision making. It suggests that schools are fundamentally undemocratic institutions, and that such a setting cannot instil in children the commitment and belief in democratic values that is necessary for citizenship education to have a proper impact.[8]
See also
Citizenship for new citizens
Citizenship education in schools
- Citizenship Foundation
- Department for Children, Schools and Families
- Hansard Society
- National Curriculum in England
- Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency
References
- ^ Civic integration examination abroad introduced website of Immigratie en Naturalisatiedienst retrieved 2010-April-24
- ^ Advisory Group on Citizenship (22 September 1998). "Education for citizenship and the teaching of democracy in schools". QCA. http://www.qca.org.uk/libraryAssets/media/6123_crick_report_1998.pdf.
- ^ a b House of Commons Education and Skills Select Committee (2006-2007), Citizenship Education, HC 147
- ^ Tutiaux-Guillon, N. (2002), Civic, Legal and Social Education in French Seconcary School, [1] Retrieved June 30, 2011.
- ^ "French Senate approves 'Burka ban'". The Telegraph. 14 September 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/8002914/French-Senate-approves-Burka-ban.html.
- ^ Boerhaug, K. (2010), Norwegian Civic Education - Beyond Formalism? [2] Retrieved June 30, 2011.
- ^ Bjork, Christopher (2004). "Decentralisation in Education, Institutional Culture and Teacher Autonomy in Indonesia". International Review of Education 50 (3/4): 245–262. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4151598. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
- ^ Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America - A View from Sudbury Valley, "Democracy Must be Experienced to be Learned." Retrieved June 14, 2011.
External links
Citizenship for new citizens
Citizenship education in schools
- Learn and Serve America's National Service-Learning Clearinghouse Citizenship Education Bibliography
- Time for Citizenship - a UK based Primary Education site
- Department for Children, schools and families Citizenship site
- QCDA Citizenship
- The Association for Citizenship Teaching
- What is citizenship and why teach it? (Citizenship Foundation)
- Citized
European Citizenship Education
Categories:- Educational programs
- Immigration law
- Punishments
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