Yurlov Crower

The Yurlov Crower is an old Russian breed of chicken primarily selected and used for long crowing cock contests in Russia.

Russian Name: юрловская голосистая.
Other Names: Yurlovo Crower, Yurlov Vociferous (English), Jurlower Kräher (German), Yurlow kraaier (Dutch), Canterino di Yurlov (Italian).

Breed History

The Yurlov Crower breed was presumably created in the second half of 19th century by crossing Chinese meat-type breeds, fighting cocks and landraces, but doubtfully with the direct influence of the Malay breed. According to Moiseyeva (1992), the known breed’s plumage color variants are white, silver, scarlet, black with light yellow, or golden, hackle (most of all), and black.

The breed was a subject of interest among fancy, commercial and state breeders in Russia and Ukraine for a long time in the 20th century. It has been preserved and studied at few state poultry collection farms since 1970s-1980s. The [http://www.gefluegel-boerse.de/ "Geflügel-Börse" magazine] articles published by two German writers, Rüdiger Wandelt in 1993 and Wolfgang Vits in 1994, introduced the breed to poultry fanciers in Germany. However, the breed was not well known until recent time to a broad community of Western poultry breeders. The continued contacts between German and Russian poultry breeders in 1990s and 2000s led to the import of the Yurlov Crower breed to Western Europe and growth of its popularity first in Germany and then in other European countries.

According to the USSR Central Statistic Administration, there were only 200 Yurlov chickens registered in the entire Soviet Union by 1985 (Moiseyeva, 1992). After the USSR disintegration, the breed population in independent Russian Federation, Ukraine and other republics dramatically declined. Based on the data collected in 1993, a Ukrainian strain of Yurlov Crowers (line 92) was included in the second edition of the FAO's World Watch List in 1995 (Scherf, 1995). The breed and line 92 data were also summarized in the third edition of the WWL in 2000 (Scherf, 2000), in which, as of 1993, only 205 Yurlov birds (line 92) kept in Kharkov Region of Ukraine were mentioned and the population status was endangered. The current population of the Yurlov Crower chickens in Russia and Ukraine may be several thousands including both state farms and fanciers. However, bird influenza may represent a serious threat to and decrease numbers of pure chicken breeds (including Yurlovs) in these countries to a large extent.

Genetic Analysis

The breed was included in the studies of genetic diversity and relationships between various chicken breeds:
* [http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/histcomp/Nei_M/nei_1972/node/2120.html Moiseyeva "et al."] (1994)
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9719931&dopt=Citation Nikiforov "et al."] (1998)
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11495455&dopt=Citation Romanov and Weigend] (2001)
* [http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=g255926744194462 Semyenova "et al."] (2002)
* [http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/gse/pdf/2003/05/g350404.pdf Moiseyeva "et al."] (2003)
* [http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/gse/pdf/2003/06/g350505.pdf Hillel "et al."] (2003)

The latter study was done in 1998—2000 within the framework of an international research project entitled «Development of Strategy and Application of Molecular Tools to Assess Biodiversity in Chicken Genetic Resources», or shortly [http://w3.tzv.fal.de/aviandiv/index.html AVIANDIV] , that was sponsored by European Commission and co-ordinated by [http://www.fal.de/nn_795486/SharedDocs/05__TZ/EN/Personen/Wissenschaftler/pers__weigend,templateId=renderPrint.html Dr. Steffen Weigend] , of the [http://www.fal.de/cln_044/nn_798456/EN/institutes/TZ/Home/animalbreeding__node__en.html__nnn=true Institute for Animal Breeding] , Mariensee, Germany.

The AVIANDIV project employed anonymous genetic markers, so called microsatellite loci spread across the whole genome. It was shown that 33 populations had no unique alleles, 14 populations had one unique allele, but the Yurlov Crower from Russia has 8 unique alleles. Interestingly, that the Ukrainian population of Yurlov Crowers did not have any unique alleles, that is, had remarkably different genetic features. Overall, the Russian Yurlov Crower population became one of three the most diverse, or polymorphic, populations in the study, along with a wild red junglefowl population and a broiler dam line.

References

* Hillel J, Groenen MAM, Tixier-Boichard M, Korol AB, David L, Kirzhner VM, Burke T, Barre-Dirie A, Crooijmans RPMA, Elo K, Feldman MW, Freidlin PJ, Mäki-Tanila A, Oortwijn M, Thomson P, Vignal A, Wimmers K, Weigend S. [http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/gse/pdf/2003/06/g350505.pdf Biodiversity of 52 chicken populations assessed by microsatellite typing of DNA pools.] Genet Sel Evol. 2003 Sep-Oct;35(5):533-57.
* Moiseyeva, I.G. 1992. Native breeds of domestic fowl. In Zakharov, I.A. (Ed.), Farm Animal Genetic Resources: Rare and Endangered Native Breeds, Nauka, Moscow, 11-112. (In Russian.)
* Moiseyeva IG, Semyenova SK, Bannikova LV, Filippova ND (1994) [http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/histcomp/Nei_M/nei_1972/node/2120.html Genetic structure and origin of an old Russian Orloff chicken breed.] Genetika 30:681-694
* Moiseyeva IG, Romanov MN, Nikiforov AA, Sevastyanova AA, Semyenova SK (2003) [http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/gse/pdf/2003/05/g350404.pdf Evolutionary relationships of Red Jungle Fowl and chicken breeds.] Genet Sel Evol 35:403-423
* Moiseyeva, I.G., Nikiforov, A.A., Romanov, M.N., Aleksandrov, A.V., Moysyak, E.V. & Semyenova, S.K. (2007) [http://www.lab-cga.ru/articles/Yurlovskaya/Yurlovskaya.htm Origin, history, genetics and economic traits of the Yurlov Crower breed.] Elektronnyi zhurnal [Electronic Journal] , Issue 5 (Laboratory of Animal Comparative Genetics, N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia). (In Russian).
* Nikiforov AA, Moiseeva IG, Zakharov IA. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9719931&dopt=Citation Position of Russian chicken breeds in the diversity of Eurasian breeds.] Genetika. 1998 Jun;34(6):850-1. Russian.
* Romanov MN, Weigend S. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11495455&dopt=Citation Analysis of genetic relationships between various populations of domestic and jungle fowl using microsatellite markers.] Poult Sci. 2001 Aug;80(8):1057-63.
* Scherf, B.D. (Ed.). 1995. [http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/lead/x6197e/x6197e00.htm World Watch List for Domestic Animal Diversity.] 2nd edn., FAO, Rome, Italy.
* Scherf, B.D. (Ed.). 2000. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/x8750e/x8750e00.htm World Watch List for Domestic Animal Diversity.] 3rd edn., FAO, Rome, Italy.
* Semyenova SK, Moiseeva IG, Vasil’ev VA, Filenko AL, Nikiforov AA, Sevast’ianova AA, Ryskov AP. [http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=g255926744194462 Genetic polymorphism of Russian, European, and Asian chicken breeds as revealed with DNA and protein markers.] Genetika. 2002 Sep;38(9):1304-8. Russian.
* Vits, W. (1994) Langkräher aus aller Welt. [Long Crowers from All over the World] . Geflügel-Börse, No. 3, pp. 2-4.
* Wandelt, R. (1993) Ein Stimmwunder: Jurlower Kräher. [A Voice Wonder: Yurlovo Crower] . Geflügel-Börse, No. 14, pp. 2-3.

External links

* Breed History: [http://www.summagallicana.it/english/yurlov.htm summagallicana.it (in English)] ; [http://www.summagallicana.it/Volume2/B.XXIV.10.01.htm summagallicana.it (in Italian)]
* Breed Description:
** [http://efabis.tzv.fal.de/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=-1,reportsreport8a_50004728 EFABIS 1] , [http://efabis.tzv.fal.de/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=-1,reportsreport8a_50004727 EFABIS 2] ;
** [http://www.longtail-fowl.com/html/yurlower.html Longtail-Fowl.com] ;
** [http://encyc.mir-x.ru/slovo.asp?id=192570 Agriculture Encyclopedia (in Russian)] ;
** [http://www.nevskoevremya.spb.ru/obshestvo/3325/novuej_god_vstretim_s_pervuemi/ Neva Time (in Russian)] ;
** [http://www.komovdvor.spb.ru/kuri/urlovs.html KomovDvor.SPb.ru (in Russian)]
* Breed Performance: [http://www.vnitip.ru/hen3.shtml VNITIP.ru (in Russian)]
* Breed Photos:
** [http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/CGK/Long/BRKYurl.html FeatherSite.com] ;
** [http://www.vnitip.ru/images/h313.jpgVNITIP.ru]