Antipodean Albatross

Antipodean Albatross
Diomedea antipodensis gibsoni
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Procellariiformes
Family:	Diomedeidae
Genus:	Diomedea
Species:	D. antipodensis
Binomial name
Diomedea antipodensis (Robertson & Warham 1992)[2]
Sub-species
Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis Robertson & Warham 1992[2] Diomedea antipodensis gibsoni[citation needed]
Synonyms
Diomedea exulans antipodensis Robertson & Warham 1992[2]

The Antipodean Albatross, Diomedea antipodensis, is a large seabird, from the albatross family. Antipodean Albatrosses are smaller than Wandering Albatrosses, and breed in predominantly brown plumage, but are otherwise difficult to distinguish from Wanderers.

Etymology

Diomedea antipodensis breaks into Diomedea referring to Diomedes, whose companions turned to birds, and antipodensis, the Latin form of Antipodes, where they are found.^[3]

Taxonomy

The Antipodean Albatross comes from the Procellariiformes order. Like all members of this order, they have naricorns, tubular nasal passages on their bill. They also have a unique palate with 7 to 9 bony plates.^[4] One of the great albatrosses of the genus Diomedea, it was only distinguished as a subspecies of the Wandering Albatross in 1992 and recognised by some authorities as a full species in 1998. While not all scientists believe it is a full species, retaining it with the Wandering Albatross, a 2004 study of the mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites of the Wandering Albatross species complex supported the split. Among the major experts, BirdLife International has split this species,^[2] Jeff Clements has not yet,^[5] and the SACC has a proposal on the table to split it.^[6]

Sub-species

There are two sub-species; however there was a study in 1998 that suggested splitting this species,^[7] but this was refuted in a 2004 study.^[8]

• Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis, nominate race, breeds on Antipodes Islands and Campbell Island^[2]
• Diomedea antipodensis gibsonoii, breeds on the Auckland Islands^[2]

Description

The Antipodean is large, at 110 cm (43 in) in length.^[2] Its breeding plumage is brown and white and its juveniles are similar in appearance to the Wandering Albatross. Breeding females have brown upper parts, and have white vermiculations on their back. Its face, throat, lower breast, and belly are white, and its undertail coverts are brown. Its underwings are also white, but with a dark tip. Breeding males are whiter than females, but not as white as the Wandering Albatross, and both sexes have a pink bill. The females of the nominate race have a dark brown breast band and the males have a darker cap, tail, and humeral flexure than gibsoni.^[2]

Range and habitat

Breeding Population and Trends^[2]

Location	Population	Date	Trend
Antipodes Island	4,635-5,737 pair	2007	Declining
Auckland Islands	5,800 pair	2007	Declining
Campbell Islands	10 pair	2007
Pitt Island	1 pair	2004
Total	25,000	2007	Declining

At sea Antipodean Albatrosses range across the South Pacific from Australia to as far as Chile, from the Tropic of Capricorn south. The gibsonii seems to range to the east of Auckland Island, and the nominate race ranges to the east to Chile. They breed on Auckland Islands, Antipodes Islands, and Campbell Island.^[2]

Behavior

They feed predominantly on cephalopod and to a lesser extent fish^[2] (unlike other albatross species they are not recorded eating any crustaceans), and have been recorded visiting the spawning grounds of the giant cuttlefish off New South Wales. They nest on ridges, slopes, or plateaus, and will build their nest in the open or within patchy vegetation, such as tussock grassland.^[2]

Conservation

The IUCN classifies this albatross as Vulnerable,^[1] with an occurrence range of 37,400,000 km² (14,400,000 sq mi); although its breeding range is only 670 km² (260 sq mi). A 2007 population estimate numbered between 4,635 and 5,757 breeding pairs on Antipodes Island, 5,800 pairs on the Auckland Islands(Adams Island, Auckland Island, and Disappointment Island), and 10 pair on Campbell Island. There has been 1 pair breeding on Pitt Island, Chatham Islands since 2004. This places the total population at 25,300. Both breeding success (25%) and adult survival rates (80% female & 88% male) have been declining.^[2]

Pigs and feral cats are hurting the population on Auckland Island and long line fishing is still impacting them. Recent studies have shown that a rise in Tasman Sea temperature may be impacting gibsoni.^[2]

Banding has been an ongoing process, and will continue with satellite tracking of the species. Cattle and sheep have been eradicated off of Campbell Island, and all the islands are nature preserves and recently became World Heritage Sites. Cats and pigs need to be removed from the Auckland Islands, the fisheries need to be worked with and the ocean temperature fluctuations need to be studied to help this species survive.^[2]

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} BirdLife International (2008)
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} BirdLife International (2008)(a)
3. ^ Gotch, A. F. (1995)
4. ^ Robertson, C. J. R. (2003)
5. ^ Clements, J. (2007)
6. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2009)
7. ^ Robertson, C. J. R. & Nunn, G. B. (1998)
8. ^ Brooke, M. (2004)

References

• BirdLife International (2008). Diomedea antipodensis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 12 Feb 2009.
• BirdLife International (2008(a)). "Antipodean Albatross Diomedea antipodensis - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=30004&m=0. Retrieved 12 Feb 2009. 
• Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-850125-0. 
• Burg, T. M.; Croxall, J. P. (2004). "Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex". Molecular Ecology 13 (8): 2345–2355. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02232.x. PMID 15245406. http://people.uleth.ca/~theresa.burg/pdf/Burg&Croxall2004.pdf. 
• Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9. 
• Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 190. ISBN 0 8160 3377 3. 
• Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (Jan 2009). "Proposal (388) to South American Classification Committee: Split Diomedea exulans into four species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop388.html. Retrieved 12 Feb 2009. 
• Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. (1998) "Towards a new taxonomy of albatrosses" Albatross Biology and Conservation Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons Ltd. pp. 13–19 
• Robertson, C. J. R. (2003). "Albatrosses (Diomedeidae)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J. et al.. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 113–116. ISBN 0 7876 5784 0. 

External links

• BirdLife Species Factsheet.
• Holotype from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa