Wandering Albatross

Wandering Albatross
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Procellariiformes
Family:	Diomedeidae
Genus:	Diomedea
Species:	D. exulans
Binomial name
Diomedea exulans Linnaeus, 1758[2]
Sub-species
Diomedea exulans exulans(Linnaeus, 1758)[2] Diomedea exulans gibsoni

The Wandering Albatross, Snowy Albatross or White-winged Albatross,^[3] Diomedea exulans, is a large seabird from the family Diomedeidae, which has a circumpolar range in the Southern Ocean. It was the first species of albatross to be described, and was long considered the same species as the Tristan Albatross and the Antipodean Albatross. In fact, a few authors still consider them all subspecies of the same species.^[4] The SACC has a proposal on the table to split this species,^[5] and BirdLife International has already split it. Together with the Amsterdam Albatross it forms the Wandering Albatross species complex. The Wandering Albatross is the largest member of the genus Diomedea (the great albatrosses), one of the largest birds in the world, and one of the best known and studied species of bird in the world.

Taxonomy

The Wandering Albatross was first described as Diomedea exulans by Carolus Linnaeus, in 1758, based on a specimen from the Cape of Good Hope.^[3]

Wandering Albatross have two sub-species as follows

• Diomedea exulans exulans
• Diomedea exulans gibsoni

The gibsoni subspecies nests on the Crozet Islands and Marion Island.^[4]

Etymology

Diomedea refers to Diomedes whose companions turned to birds, and exulans or exsul means an exile or wanderer referring to its solitary distant flights.^[6]

Description

The Wandering Albatross has the largest wingspan of any living bird, averaging from 2.51–3.50 m (8.2–11.5 ft), with a mean span of 3.1 m (10 ft) in one colony.^[3][7][8] The longest-winged examples verified have been about 3.7 m (12 ft). Even larger examples have been claimed, with two giants reportedly measuring 4.22 m (13.8 ft) and 5.3 m (17 ft) but these reports remain unverified.^[8] As a result of its wingspan, it is capable of remaining in the air without beating its wings for several hours at a time (travelling 22 m for every metre of drop).^[9][10][11] The length of the body is about 107–135 cm (3.51–4.43 ft)^[7][12][13] with females being slightly smaller than males. Adults can weigh from 5.9–12.7 kg (13–28 lb), although most will weigh 6.35–11.91 kg (14.0–26.3 lb).^{[3][8][14][15]} Immature birds have been recorded weighing as much as 16.1 kg (35 lb) during their first flights (at which time they may still have fat reserves that will be shed as they continue to fly).^[8] The plumage varies with age, with the juveniles starting chocolate brown. As they age they lose their color and get whiter.^[3] The adults have white bodies with black and white wings. Males have whiter wings than females with just the tips and trailing edges of the wings black. They also show a faint peach spot on the side of the head. The Wandering Albatross is the whitest of the Wandering Albatross species complex, the other species having a great deal more brown and black on the wings and body as breeding adults, very closely resembling immature Wandering Albatrosses. The large bill is pink, as are the feet.^[13] They also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.^[16]

Ecology

Breeding Population and Trends^[13]

Location	Population	Date	Trend
South Georgia Islands	1,553 pair	2006	Decreasing -4% yr
Prince Edward Islands	1,850 pair	2003	Stable
Marion Island	1,600 pair	2008
Crozet Islands	2,000 pair	1997	Declining
Kerguelen Islands	1,100 pair	1997
Macquarie Island	10 pair	2006
Total	26,000	2007	Decreasing -30% over 70 yrs

Behavior

They are a group bird and have a large range of displays from screams and whistles to grunts and bill clapping.^[3] When courting they will spread their wings, wave their heads, and rap their bills together, while braying.^[13] They can live for over 50 years.^[17]

Feeding

They are night feeders^[12] and feed on cephalopods, small fish, and crustaceans^[3] and on animal refuse that floats on the sea, eating to such excess at times that they are unable to fly and rest helplessly on the water. They are prone to following ships for refuse. They can also make shallow dives.

Reproduction

Diomedea exulans

The Wandering Albatross breeds every other year.^[12] At breeding time they occupy loose colonies on isolated island groups in the Southern Ocean. They lay one egg that is white, with a few spots, and is about 10 cm (3.9 in) long. They lay this egg between 10 December and 5 January, in their nests, which is a large bowl built of grassy vegetation and soil peat,^[3] that is 1 metre wide at the base and half a metre wide at the apex. Incubation takes about 11 weeks and both parents are involved.^[12] They are a monogamous species, usually for life. Adolescents return to the colony within 6 years; however they won't start breeding until 11 to 15 years.^[7] About 30% of fledglings survive.^[3]

Wandering Albatross at South Georgia Island

Range

The Wandering Albatross breeds on South Georgia Island, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Prince Edward Islands, and Macquarie Island, is seen feeding year round off the Kaikoura Peninsula on the east coast of the south island of New Zealand^[18] and it ranges in all the southern oceans from 28° to 60°.^[1]

Relationship with humans

Sailors used to capture the birds for their long wing bones, which they manufactured into tobacco-pipe stems. The early explorers of the great Southern Sea cheered themselves with the companionship of the albatross in their dreary solitudes; and the evil fate of him who shot with his cross-bow the "bird of good omen" is familiar to readers of Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. The metaphor of "an albatross around his neck" also comes from the poem and indicates an unwanted burden causing anxiety or hindrance. In the days of sail the bird often accompanied ships for days, not merely following it, but wheeling in wide circles around it without ever being observed to land on the water. It continued its flight, apparently untired, in tempestuous as well as moderate weather.

The Maori of New Zealand used albatross as a food source. They caught them by baiting hooks.^[19] Because the wing bones of albatross were light but very strong Maori used these to create a number of different items including koauau (flutes),^[20] needles, tattooing chisel blades,^[21] and barbs for fishhooks.^[22]

Conservation

The IUCN lists the Wandering Albatross as Vulnerable status.^[1] Adult mortality is 5% to 7% per year.^[3] It has an occurrence range of 64,700,000 km² (25,000,000 sq mi), although its breeding range is only 1,900 km² (730 sq mi).

In 2007, there were an estimated 25,500 adult birds, broken down to 1,553 pairs on South Georgia Island, 1,850 pairs on Prince Edward Island, 1,600 on Marion Island, 2,000 on Crozet Islands, 1,100 on the Kerguelen Islands, and 12 on Macquarie Island for a total of 8,114 breeding pairs.

Wandering Albatrosses have the largest wingspan of any living bird.

The South Georgia population is shrinking at 1.8% per year. The levels of birds at Prince Edward and the Crozet Islands seem to be stabilizing although most recently there may be some shrinking of the population.^[13]

The biggest threat to their survival is long line fishing; however, pollution, mainly plastics and fishing hooks, are also taking a toll.

The CCAMLR has introduced measures to reduce bycatch of Albatrosses around South Georgia by 99%, and other regional fishing commissions are taking similar measures to reduce fatalities. The Prince Edward Islands are a nature preserve, and the Macquarie Islands are a World Heritage site. Finally, large parts of the Crozet Islands and the Kerguelen Islands are a nature preserve.^[13]

See also

• Sarus Crane, the tallest flying bird alive today
• Bustards, which contain the heaviest living flying birds
• Argentavis, the largest flying bird ever to live

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b c} BirdLife International (2008)
2. ^ ^{a b} Brand, S. (2008)
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Robertson, C. J. R. (2003)
4. ^ ^{a b} Clements, J. (2007)
5. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2009)
6. ^ Gotch, A. F. (1995)
7. ^ ^{a b c} Dunn, Jon, L. & Alderfer, Jonathan (2006)
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9. 
9. ^ Rattenborg, N. C. (2006)
10. ^ Weimerskirch, H. (2004)
11. ^ Richardson, M. (2002)
12. ^ ^{a b c d} Harrison, C. & Greensmith, A. (1993)
13. ^ ^{a b c d e f} BirdLife International (2008)(a)
14. ^ [1]/
15. ^ "Encyclopedia of the Antarctic, v. 1 & v. 2. Beau Riffenburgh (Editor). Routledge, ISBN 978-0415970242.
16. ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
17. ^ [2], Is foraging efficiency a key parameter in aging? (2010)
18. ^ Shihirai 2002 p.90
19. ^ "Matau Toroa (Albatross hook)". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?term=Matau%20Toroa%20(Albatross%20hook). Retrieved 17 July 2010. 
20. ^ "Koauau (flute)". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=138660. Retrieved 17 July 2010. 
21. ^ "Uhi Ta Moko (tattooing instruments)". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=703621. Retrieved 17 July 2010. 
22. ^ "Matau (fish hook)". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=197167. Retrieved 17 July 2010. 

References

• BirdLife International (2008). Diomedea exulans. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 17 Feb 2009.
• BirdLife International (2008(a)). "Wandering Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3952&m=0. Retrieved 17 Feb 2009. 
• Brands, Sheila (Aug 14 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Diomedea subg. Diomedea -". Project: The Taxonomicon. http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/101869.htm. Retrieved 12 Feb 2009. 
• Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9. 
• Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathon (2006). "Accidentals, Extinct Species". In Levitt, Barbara. National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (fifth ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 467. ISBN 978 0 7922 5314 3. 
• Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0 671 65989 8. 
• Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 191. ISBN 0 8160 3377 3. 
• Harrison, Colin; Greensmith, Alan (1993). "Non-Passerines". In Bunting, Edward. Birds of the World (First ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. p. 48. ISBN 1 56458 295 7. 
• Rattenborg, Niels, C. (11 May 2006). "Do Birds Sleep in Flight?". Naturwissenschatten, Vol. 93 Number 9.
• Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (30 Jan 2009). "Proposal (388) to South American Classification Committee: Split Diomedea exulans into four species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop388.html. Retrieved 17 Feb 2009. 
• Richardson, Michael (27 Sep 2002). "Endangered seabirds / New fishing techniques undercut an old talisman : Modern mariners pose rising threat to the albatross." Herald Tribune.
• Robertson, C. J. R. (2003). "Albatrosses (Diomedeidae)". In Hutchins, Michael. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 113–116, 118–119. ISBN 0 7876 5784 0. 
• Shirihai, Hadoram (2002) [2002]. "Great Albatrosses". Antarctic Wildlife The birds and mammals. Finland: Alula Press. p. 90. ISBN 951-98947-0-5. 
• Weimerskirch, Henri (Oct 2004). "Wherever the Wind May Blow." Natural History Magazine.</ref>

Further reading

• "Diomedea exulans". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174525. Retrieved 24 January 2006. 
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links

• BirdLife Species Factsheet.
• Wandering albatross at ARKive
• Media related to the Wandering Albatross on the Internet Bird Collection
• Holotypes of Wandering Albatross subspecies in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
• South Georgia albatross slide show