Four Organs

Four Organs is a work for four electronic organs and maraca by Steve Reich.

The four organs, harmonically expound a dominant eleventh chord (D-E-F#-G#-A-B with an E in the bass), dissecting the chord by playing parts of it sequentially while the chord slowly increases in duration from a single 1/8 note at the beginning to 200 beats at the end. The process of increased augmentation is accomplished first by causing notes to sustain after the chord, and then notes start anticipating the chord. As the piece progresses this "deconstruction" of the chord emphasizes certain harmonies; at the climax of the work each tone sounds almost in sequence. A continuous maraca beat serves as a rhythmic framework.

Reich describes the piece as "the longest V-I cadence in the history of Western Music" the V (B-D-F#) and I (E-G#-B) chords being contained within the one chord: "You'll find the chord in Debussy and Thelonious Monk - the tonic on top and the dominant on the bottom." ["Steve Reich: Works 1965-1995" (Nonesuch 79451-2, 1997), interview with Jonathan Cott, p.33] He has cited the music of Perotin and other twelfth and thirteenth century composers as suggesting the technique of note augmentation used in Four Organs. For performances of the piece, Reich recommended using electronic organs with as plain and simple a timbre as possible, without vibrato, to avoid the sound of the instrument itself distracting from the harmonic and rhythmic aspects of the piece. Reich himself employed four Farfisa "mini compact" models.

Reich composed Four Organs in January 1970. It was first performed in May 1970 at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City. [cite book
last = Reich
first = Steve
coauthors = Hillier, Paul (Editor)
title = Writings on Music, 1965-2000
publisher = Oxford University Press
date = April 1, 2002
location = USA
pages = 50
id = ISBN 0-19-511171-0 ] [cite book
last = Strickland
first = Edward
title = Minimalism: Origins
publisher = Indiana University Press
date = 1993
location = USA
pages = 218
id = ISBN 0253213886 ] It was received well at the premier, and performances later that year in the United States and Europe received respectful, and in some cases enthusiastic, responses.Strickland, at 221.]

Subsequent audiences were not always as polite. October 1971 performances by Reich and members of the Boston Symphony (at Symphony Hall in Boston) received a combination of "loud cheers, loud boos, and whistles."

A 1973 performance of Four Organs at Carnegie Hall in New York City nearly caused a riot, with "yells for the music to stop, mixed with applause to hasten the end of the piece." [Schonberg, Harold C., "Music: A Concert Fuss: Music by Reich Causes a Vocal Reaction," New York Times, January 20, 1973.] One of the performers, Michael Tilson Thomas, recalls: "One woman walked down the aisle and repeatedly banged her head on the front of the stage, wailing 'Stop, stop, I confess.'" [ [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article655775.ece The face - Times Online ] ] [cite video | people = Terry Gross, Steve Reich
title = Fresh Air from WHYY: Steve Reich at 70
medium = Real Player Stream (SMIL)
publisher = NPR
url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6209213
location = Philadelphia
date = 2006-10-06 ]

Notes

References

*cite book
last = Reich
first = Steve
coauthors = Hillier, Paul (Editor)
title = Writings on Music, 1965-2000
publisher = Oxford University Press
date = April 1, 2002
location = USA
pages = 48-50
id = ISBN 0-19-511171-0
*"Steve Reich: Works 1965-1995" (Nonesuch 79451-2, 1997), interview with Jonathan Cott, p.33.

External links

* [http://www.stevereich.com SteveReich.com] (Reich's official web site)