Hurricane Isabel

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Hurricane Isabel
Type=hurricane
Year=2003
Basin=Atl
Image location=Hurricane Isabel 18 sept 2003 1555Z.jpg

North Carolina's Outer Banks
Formed=September 6, 2003
Dissipated=September 20, 2003
1-min winds=145
Pressure=915
Da

Inflated=2
Fatalities=16 direct, 35 indirect
Areas=Greater Antilles, Bahamas, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, West Virginia, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Ontario, Washington, D.C
Hurricane season=2003 Atlantic hurricane season
Series=Hurricane Isabel
Related=Hurricane Isabel Related

Hurricane Isabel was the costliest and deadliest hurricane in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. The ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season, Isabel formed from a tropical wave on September 6 in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, and within an environment of light wind shear and warm waters it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (265 km/h) on September 11. After fluctuating in intensity for four days, Isabel gradually weakened and made landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) on September 18. It quickly weakened over land and became extratropical over western Pennsylvania the next day.

In North Carolina, the storm surge from Isabel washed out a portion of Hatteras Island to form what was unofficially known as Isabel Inlet. Damage was greatest along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were damaged or destroyed. The worst of the effects of Isabel occurred in Virginia, especially in the Hampton Roads area and along the shores of the James River as far north as Richmond. Virginia reported the most deaths and damage from the hurricane. About 64% of the damage and 68% of the deaths occurred in North Carolina and Virginia.

Moderate to severe damage extended up the Atlantic Coastline and as far inland as West Virginia. Roughly six million were left without power in the eastern United States from the strong winds of Isabel. Rainfall from the storm extended from South Carolina to Maine, and westward to Michigan. Throughout the path of Isabel, damage totaled about $3.6 billion (2003 USD, $4.1 billion 2008 USD). 16 deaths in seven states were directly related to the hurricane, with 35 deaths in six states and one province indirectly related to the hurricane.

Meteorological history

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 1.cite web|author=Jack Beven & Hugh Cobb|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Tropical Cyclone Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2006-10-27|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2003isabel.shtml?] An area of low pressure associated with the wave moved slowly westward, and its convection initially appeared to become better organized.cite web|author=Franklin|year=2003|title=September 2 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-27|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2003/Sep/2003090215.ABNT20] On September 3, as it passed to the south of the Cape Verde islands, organization within the system degraded,cite web|author=Avila|year=2003|title=September 3 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-27|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2003/Sep/2003090315.ABNT20] though convection increased the next day.cite web|author=Pasch|year=2003|title=September 4 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-27|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2003/Sep/2003090409.ABNT20] The system gradually became better organized, and Dvorak classifications began early on September 5. Based on the development of a closed surface circulation, it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen early on September 6. Hours later, it intensified into Tropical Storm Isabel, though operationally the National Hurricane Center did not begin issuing advisories until 13 hours after it first developed.cite web|author=Avila|year=2003|title=Tropical Storm Isabel Discussion One|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-27|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.001.shtml?]

Located within an area of light wind shear and warm waters, Isabel gradually organized as curved bands developed around a circular area of deep convection near the center.cite web|author=Avila|year=2003|title=Tropical Storm Isabel Discussion Two|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-27|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.002.shtml?] It steadily strengthened as it moved to the west-northwest, and Isabel strengthened to a hurricane on September 7 subsequent to the development of a large, yet ragged eye located near the deepest convection.cite web|author=Stewart|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Six|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-27|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.006.shtml?] The eye, overall convective pattern, and outflow steadily improved in organization,cite web|author=Stewart|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Seven|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-28|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.007.shtml?] and deep convection quickly surrounded the convert|40|mi|km|-1|sing=on-wide eye.cite web|author=Jarvinen|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Eight|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-28|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.008.shtml?] Isabel intensified on September 8 to reach major hurricane status while located 1,300 miles (2,100 km) east-northeast of Barbuda. On September 9, Isabel reached a primary peak intensity of 135 mph (215 km/h) for around 24 hours, a minimal Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale.

Early on September 10, the eyewall became less defined, the convection near the eye became eroded, and northeasterly outflow became slightly restricted.cite web|author=Franklin|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Sixteen|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-28|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.016.shtml?] As a result, Isabel weakened slightly to a Category 3 hurricane. The hurricane turned more to the west due to the influence of the Bermuda-Azores High. Later on September 10, Isabel restrengthened to a Category 4 hurricane after convection deepened near the increasingly organizing eyewall.cite web|author=Stewart|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Nineteen|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-28|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.019.shtml?] The hurricane continued to intensify, and Isabel reached its peak intensity of 165 mph (270 km/h) on September 11, a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Due to an eyewall replacement cycle, Isabel weakened slightly, though it retained Category 5 status for 24 hours.cite web|author=Beven|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Twenty-Six|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-28|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.026.shtml?] As Isabel underwent another eyewall replacement cycle, outflow degraded in appearance and convection around the eye weakened,cite web|author=Franklin|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Twenty-Eight|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-28|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.028.shtml?] and early on September 13 Isabel weakened to a strong Category 4 hurricane. A weakness in the ridge to its north allowed the hurricane to turn to the west-northwest. After completing the replacement cycle, the hurricane's large 40 mile (65 km) wide eye became better defined,cite web|author=Stewart|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Thirty|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-28|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.030.shtml?] and late on the 13th Isabel re-attained Category 5 status. A NOAA Hurricane Hunter Reconnaissance Aircraft flying into the hurricane launched a dropsonde which measured an instantaneous wind speed of convert|233|mi/h|km/h|0|abbr=on, the strongest instantaneous wind speed recorded in an Atlantic hurricane.cite web|author=Richard J. David and Charles H. Paxton|year=2005|title=How the Swells of Hurricane Isabel Impacted Southeast Florida|accessdate=2007-02-10|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/86/8/pdf/i1520-0477-86-8-1065.pdf] Cloud tops warmed again shortly thereafter,cite web|author=Lawrence|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Thirty-Two|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-28|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.032.shtml] and Isabel weakened to a strong Category 4 hurricane early on September 14. Later that day, it re-organized, and for the third time it attained Category 5 status while located 400 miles (650 km) north of San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Cloud tops around the center resulted in Isabel weakening to a Category 4 hurricane early on September 15. Later that day, the inner core of deep convection began to deteriorate while the eye decayed in appearance. As a ridge to its northwest build southeastward, it resulted in Isabel decelerating as it turned to the north-northwest.cite web|author=Franklin|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Thirty-Eight|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-28|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.038.shtml?] Increasing vertical wind shear contributed in weakening the hurricane further, and Isabel weakened to a Category 2 hurricane on September 16 while located 645 miles (1035 km) southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Convection remained minimal, though outflow retained excellent organization,cite web|author=Avila & Pasch|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Discussion Forty-Eight|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-28|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/dis/al132003.discus.048.shtml?] and Isabel remained a Category 2 hurricane for 2 days until making landfall between Cape Lookout and Ocracoke Island on September 18 with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). It weakened after it made landfall, though due to its fast forward motion Isabel remained a hurricane until reaching western Virginia early on September 19. After passing through West Virginia as a tropical storm, Isabel became extratropical over western Pennsylvania. Later that day, it crossed Lake Erie into Canada, and was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm over the Cochrane District of Ontario.

Preparations

50 hours prior to Isabel making landfall, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch from Little River, South Carolina to Chincoteague, Virginia, including the Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds and the lower Chesapeake Bay. The NHC also issued a tropical storm watch south of Little River, South Carolina to the mouth of the Santee River, as well as from Chincoteague, Virginia northward to Little Egg Inlet, New Jersey. Hurricane and tropical storm warnings were gradually issued for portions of the East Coast of the United States. By the time Isabel made landfall, a tropical storm warning existed from Chincoteague, Virginia to Fire Island, New York and from Cape Fear, North Carolina to the mouth of the Santee River in South Carolina, and a hurricane warning existed from Chincoteague, Virginia to Cape Fear. Landfall forecasts were very accurate; from three days prior, the average track forecast error for its landfall was only 36 miles (58 km), and for 48 hours in advance the average track error was 18 miles (29 km).

Officials declared mandatory evacuations for 24 counties in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland, though in general not many left. According to a survey conducted by the United States Department of Commerce, evacuation rates were estimated as follows; 45% in the Outer Banks, 23% in the area around the Pamlico Sound, 23% in Virginia under mandatory orders, and about 15% in Maryland.cite web|author=Post, Buckley, Schuh and Jernigan|year=2005|title=Hurricane Isabel Assessment, a Review of Hurricane Evacuation Study Products and Other Aspects of the National Hurricane Mitigation and Preparedness Program (NHMPP) in the Context of the Hurricane Isabel Response|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2006-11-27|url=http://www.csc.noaa.gov/hes/docs/postStorm/Isabel_PostStorm_Summary.pdf] The threat of Isabel resulted in the evacuation of hundreds of thousands of residents, primarily in North Carolina and Virginia, and included more than 12,000 residents staying in emergency shelters.cite web|author=Scotsman.com|year=2003|title=America feels the wrath of Isabel|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=980&id=1037902003]

19 major airports along the East Coast of the United States were closed, with more than 1,500 flights canceled. The Washington Metrorail and Metrobus system closed prior to the arrival of the storm, and Amtrak canceled nearly all trains south of the nation's capital. Schools and businesses throughout its path closed prior to Isabel's arrival to allow time to prepare; hardware and home improvement stores reported brisk business of plywood, flashlights, batteries, and portable generators, as residents prepared for the storm's potential impact. The federal government was closed excluding emergency staff members. The United States Navy ordered the removal of 40 ships and submarines and dozens of aircraft from naval sites near Norfolk, Virginia.cite web|author=CNN.com|year=2003|title=Storm could cause 'extensive damage'|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WEATHER/09/15/hurricane.isabel/index.html]

Impact

Strong winds from Isabel extended from North Carolina to New England and westward to West Virginia. The winds, combined with previous rainfall which moistened the soil, downed many trees and power lines across its path, leaving about 6 million electricity customers without power at some point. Parts of coastal Virginia, especially in the Hampton Roads and Northeast North Carolina areas, were without electricity for almost a month. Coastal areas suffered from waves and its powerful storm surge, with areas in eastern North Carolina and southeast Virginia reporting severe damage from both winds and the storm surge. Throughout its path, Isabel resulted in $3.6 billion in damage (2003 USD, $3.95 billion 2006 USD) and 47 deaths, of which 16 were directly related to the storm's effects.cite web|author=United States Department of Commerce|year=2004|title=Service Assessment of Hurricane Isabel|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2007-02-10|url=http://www.weather.gov/os/assessments/pdfs/isabel.pdf]

The governors of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Delaware declared states of emergency. Isabel was the first major hurricane to threaten the Mid-Atlantic States and the South since Hurricane Floyd in September 1999. Isabel's greatest impact was due to flood damage, the worst in some areas of Virginia since 1972's Hurricane Agnes. More than 60 million people were affected to some degree—a similar number to Floyd but more than any other hurricane in recent memory.cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Climate of 2003- Comparison of Hurricanes Floyd, Hugo and Isabel|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2003/fl-hu-is-comp.html]

Caribbean and Southeast United States

Powerful surf affected the northern coastlines of the islands in the Greater Antilles. Strong swells also impacted the Bahamas. During most hurricanes, the location of the Bahamas prevents powerful swells of Atlantic hurricanes from striking southeast Florida. However, the combination of the location, forward speed, and strength of Isabel produced strong swells through the Providence Channel onto a narrow 10 mile (16 km) stretch of the southeastern Florida coastline; wave heights peaked at 14 feet (4.3 m) at Delray Beach. The swells capsized a watercraft and injured its 2 passengers at Boynton Beach, and a swimmer required assistance to be rescued near Juno Beach. Minor beach erosion was reported in Palm Beach County.cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|accessdate=2007-02-10|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~495541|year=2003|title=Event Report for Florida] In the northern portion of the state, waves reached up to 15 feet (4.5 m) in height at Flagler Beach, causing the Flagler Beach Pier to be closed due to damaged boards from the waves.cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|accessdate=2007-02-10|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~495539|year=2003|title=Event Report for Florida (2)] Rip currents from Isabel killed a surfer at an unguarded beach in Nassau County, with an additional six people requiring rescue from the currents.cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|accessdate=2007-02-10|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~495533|year=2003|title=Event Report for Florida (3)] The beaches were later closed during the worst of the rough surf.cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|accessdate=2007-02-10|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~495536|year=2003|title=Event Report for Florida (4)]

In northeastern South Carolina, the outer rainbands produced moderate winds reaching 45 mph (72 km/h) at Myrtle Beach. Rainfall was light, peaking at 1.34 inches (34 mm) in Loris. There were no damage reports in the state.cite web|author=Wilmington, North Carolina National Weather Service|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel in South Carolina|accessdate=2007-02-10|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/ilm/archive/09-18-03/index.shtml]

North Carolina

Isabella produced moderate to heavy damage across eastern North Carolina, totaling $450 million (2003 USD, $495 million 2006 USD). Damage was heaviest in Dare County, where storm surge flooding and strong winds damaged thousands of houses.cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Event Report for North Carolina|accessdate=2006-12-06|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~514235] The storm surge produced a 2,000 foot (600 m) wide inlet on Hatteras Island, isolating Hatteras by road for two months.cite web|author=Fred Hurteau|year=2003|title=The Dynamic Landscape of the Outer Banks|publisher=Outer Banks Guidebook|accessdate=2006-12-05|url=http://www.outerbanksguidebook.com/dynamic.htm] Strong winds downed hundreds of trees of across the state, leaving up to 700,000 residents without power. Most areas with power outages had power restored within a few days. The hurricane directly killed one person and indirectly killed two in the state.cite web|author=Sunbelt Rentals|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Aftermath|accessdate=2006-12-09|url=http://www.sunbeltrentals.com/news/HurricaneIsabelAftermath.pdf]

Mid-Atlantic

The storm surge impacted much of southeastern Virginia, peaking at an estimated 9 feet (2.7 m) in Richmond along the James River; the surge caused significant damage to homes along river ways,cite web|author=United States Department of Commerce|year=2004|title=Service Assessment of Hurricane Isabel|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.weather.gov/os/assessments/pdfs/isabel.pdf] especially along the middle reaches of the James River basin. The strong storm surge surpassed the floodgate to the Midtown Tunnel while workers attempted to close the gate; about 44 million gallons of water flooded the tunnel entirely in just 40 minutes, with the workers barely able to escape.cite web|author=Sunbelt Rentals|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Effects by Region|accessdate=2007-03-19|url=http://www.sunbeltrentals.com/news/HurricaneIsabelAftermath.pdf] Further inland, heavy rainfall was reported, peaking at 20.2 inches (513 mm) in Upper Sherando, causing damage and severe flash flooding. Winds from the hurricane destroyed over 1,000 houses and damaged 9,000 more;cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Event Report for Virginia|accessdate=2007-02-23|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~526861] damage in the state totaled about $1.85 billion (2003 USD, $2.03 billion 2006 USD), among the costliest tropical cyclones in Virginia history. The passage of Isabel also resulted in 32 deaths in the state, 10 directly from the storm's effects and 22 indirectly related.

About 1.24 million people lost power throughout Maryland and Washington, D.C. The worst of its effects came from its storm surge, which inundated areas along the coast and resulted in severe beach erosion. In Eastern Maryland, hundreds of buildings were damaged or destroyed, primarily in Queen Anne's County from tidal flooding. Thousands of houses were affected in Central Maryland, with severe storm surge flooding reported in Baltimore and Annapolis. Washington, D.C. sustained moderate damage, primarily from the winds. Throughout Maryland and Washington, damage totaled about $700 million (2003 USD, $775 million 2006 USD), with only one direct fatality due to flooding.cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Event Report for Eastern Maryland|accessdate=2006-12-27|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~504931] cite web|author=NCDC|year=2003|title=Event Report for Central Maryland|accessdate=2007-01-20|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~505248] cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Event Report for Western Maryland|accessdate=2006-12-28|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~504928] cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Event Report for Washington, D.C.|accessdate=2006-12-27|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~494533]

The effects of the hurricane in Delaware were compounded by flooding caused by the remnants of Tropical Storm Henri days before.cite web|author=FEMA|year=2003|title=Disaster Recovery Centers to Open|accessdate=2006-12-26|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=5178] Moderate winds of up to 62 mph (100 km/h) in Lewescite web|author=Gorse & Frugis|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Post Tropical Storm Report|publisher=Mount Holly, New Jersey National Weather Service|accessdate=2006-12-24|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/phi/storms/09192003.txt|format=TXT] downed numerous trees, tree limbs, and power lines across the state,cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Event Report for Delaware|accessdate=2006-12-24|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~494483] leaving at least 15,300 without power.cite web|author=Joint Information Center|year=2003|title=Sporadic Power Outages Being Reported Across State|publisher=Delaware Emergency Management Agency|accessdate=2006-12-24|url=http://www.state.de.us/dema/press_release/Isabel_1.pdf] Numerous low-lying areas were flooded due to high surf, strong storm surge, or run-off from flooding further inland. The passage of Hurricane Isabel resulted in $40 million in damage (2003 USD, $44 million 2006 USD) and no casualties in the state.

Northeast United States

The winds from Isabel downed hundreds of trees and power lines across New Jersey, leaving hundreds of thousands without power; a falling tree killed one person. Rough waves and a moderate storm surge along the coastline caused moderate to severe beach erosion, and one person was killed from the rough waves. Damage in the state totaled $50 million (2003 USD, $55 million 2006 USD).cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Event Report for New Jersey|accessdate=2006-11-15|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~512161] cite web|author=New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection|year=2003|title=Coastal Storm Survey|accessdate=2006-11-15|url=http://www.nj.gov/dep/shoreprotection/StormSurvey09-19-03.pdf]

The passage of Hurricane Isabel in Pennsylvania resulted in $160 million in damage (2003 USD, $175 million 2006 USD) and 2 indirect deaths in Pennsylvania. One person suffered from carbon monoxide poisoning, believed to be caused due to improperly ventilated generators in an area affected by the power outages.cite web|author=CNN|year=2003|title=Isabel death toll creeps higher|accessdate=2007-01-27|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WEATHER/09/22/isabel/index.html] Moderate winds left about 1.4 million customers without power across the state as a result of trees falling into power lines, with dozens of houses and cars damaged by the trees.cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Event Report for Southeast Pennsylvania|accessdate=2007-01-27|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~519360] cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Event Report for Central Pennsylvania|accessdate=2007-01-29|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~519361] Cite web|author=State College, Pennsylvania National Weather Service|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel: September 2003|accessdate=2007-01-29|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/ctp/features/2003/isabel.php]

Damage in New York totaled $90 million (2003 USD, $98 million 2006 USD), with Vermont reporting about $100,000 in damage (2003 USD, $110,000 in 2006 USD).cite web|author=NCDC|year=2003|title=Event Report for Vermont|accessdate=2007-01-31|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~525858] cite web|author=NCDC|year=2003|title=Event Report for Vermont (2)|accessdate=2007-01-31|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~525857] cite web|author=NCDC|year=2003|title=Event Report for Vermont (3)|accessdate=2007-01-31|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~525856] cite web|author=NCDC|year=2003|title=Event Report for Vermont (4)|accessdate=2007-01-31|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~525855] cite web|author=NCDC|year=2003|title=Event Report for Vermont (5)|accessdate=2007-01-31|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~525860] cite web|author=NCDC|year=2003|title=Event Report for Vermont (6)|accessdate=2007-01-31|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~525859] Falling trees from moderate winds downed power lines across the region, causing sporadic power outages. Two people died in the region as a result of the hurricane, both due to the rough surf from Isabel.

Canada

Impact from the storm in Canada was fairly minor, including downed trees and power lines across southern Ontario.cite web|author=Chris Fogarty|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Summary in Canada|publisher=Canadian Hurricane Centre|accessdate=2007-02-04|url=http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/isabel/index.html] Isabel was indirectly responsible for two traffic fatalities.cite web|author=Canadian Hurricane Centre|year=2004|title=Atlantic hurricane season 2004 Outlook|accessdate=2007-02-04|url=http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/outlook2004_e.html] A group of researchers flew into Isabel over Lake Erie and southern Ontario to study tropical cyclones transitioning into extratropical cyclones. The group also flew into two previous cyclones affecting Canada.

Mid-West United States

In West Virginia, 50 to 60 mph (80 to 100 km/h) wind gusts downed hundreds to thousands of trees across the state; previously heavy rainfall moistened the soil which allowed the winds to uproot the trees more easily. The falling trees severely damaged dozens of houses and left over 1.4 million without power. Rainfall from the storm caused flooding along the rivers in the eastern portion of the state. Damage totaled $20 million (2003 USD, $22 million 2007 USD).cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2003|title=Event Report for Hurricane Isabel|accessdate=2007-02-07|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~527587]

Isabel dropped light to moderate precipitation across the eastern half of Ohio, with isolated locations reporting over 3 inches.cite web|author=David Roth|year=2005|title=Rainfall Summary for Hurricane Isabel|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|accessdate=2007-02-08|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/isabel2003.html] Moisture from Isabel dropped light rainfall across eastern Michigan and peaked at 1.55 inches (39 mm) at Mount Clemens. Additionally, Doppler weather radar estimated rainfall approached 2.5 inches (64 mm) in St. Clair County. No damage was reported from Isabel in the region.cite web|author=Detroit National Weather Service|year=2003|title=Remnants of Isabel Bring Rainfall to Southeast Michigan Friday Morning|accessdate=2007-02-08|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/isabel2003.php]

Aftermath

By about a week after the passage of the hurricane, President George W. Bush declared disaster areas for 36 North Carolina counties, 77 counties and independent cities in Virginia, the entire state of Maryland, all three counties in Delaware and six West Virginia counties. The disaster declaration allocated the use of federal funds for rebuilding and providing aid in the aftermath of hurricane Isabel. By about four months after the passage of the hurricane, disaster aid totaled about $516 million (2003 USD, $576.3 million 2007 USD), primarily in North Carolina and Virginia. Over 166,000 residents applied for individual assistance, with about $117 million (2003 USD, $130 million) approved for residents to assist with temporary housing and home repairs. About 50,000 business owners applied for Small Business Administration loans, with about $178 million (2003 USD, $199 million 2007 USD) approved for the assistance loans. About 40,000 people visited local disaster recovery centers, designed to provide additional information regarding the aftermath of the hurricane.cite web|author=FEMA|year=2003|title=State/Federal Disaster Aid Tops $155 Million in North Carolina|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=9029] cite web|author=FEMA|year=2004|title=Commonwealth of Virginia Receives Nearly $257 Million In Disaster Assistance|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=10604] cite web|author=FEMA|year=2003|title=Maryland Disaster Aid Nearing $100 Million|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=9314] Cite web|author=FEMA|year=2003|title=Disaster Victims in Delaware Receive Over $3.5 Million In Assistance So Far|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=7748] cite web|author=FEMA|year=2003|title=Disaster Aid in Pennsylvania Surpasses Half Million Dollars|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=6792]

In North Carolina, hundreds of residents were stranded in Hatteras following the formation of Isabel Inlet.cite web|author=Sunbelt Rentals|year=2003|title=Hurricane Isabel Aftermath|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.sunbeltrentals.com/news/HurricaneIsabelAftermath.pdf] People who were not residents were not allowed to be on the Outer Banks for two weeks after the hurricane due to damaged road conditions. When visitors were allowed to return, many ventured to see the new inlet, despite a 1 mile (1.6 km) walk from the nearest road.cite web|author=Fred Hurteau|year=2003|title=The Dynamic Landscape of the Outer Banks|publisher=Outer Banks Guidebook|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.outerbanksguidebook.com/dynamic.htm] Initially, long term solutions to the Isabel Inlet such as building a bridge or a ferry system were considered, though they were ultimately canceled in favor of pumping sand and filling the inlet. Coastal geologists were opposed to the solution, stating the evolution of the Outer Banks is dependent on inlets from hurricanes.cite web|author=John Roach|year=2003|title=Shoring Up N. Carolina Islands: A Losing Battle?|publisher=National Geographic News|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/11/1110_031110_outerbanks.html] Dredging operations began on October 17, about a month after the hurricane struck. The United States Geological Survey used sand from the ferry channel to the southwest of Hatteras Island, a choice made to minimize impact to submerged aquatic vegetation and due to the channel being filled somewhat during the hurricane.cite web|author=Federal Emergency Management Agency|year=2003|title=Dredging Operations Begin|accessdate=2006-12-16|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=6315] On November 22, about two months after the hurricane struck, North Carolina Highway 12 and Hatteras Island were reopened to public access. On the same day, the ferry between Hatteras and Ocracoke was reopened.

Retirement

Due to widespread property damage and extensive death tolls the name Isabel was retired after the 2003 season, and will not be used again for future Atlantic hurricanes. It was replaced by Ida for the naming list for the 2009 season.cite web|author=World Meteorological Organization|year=2004|title=Final Report of the 2003 Hurricane Season|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/Reports/HC26-English.pdf] The names Ina and Ivy were also suggested as possible replacement names.cite web|author=World Meteorological Organization|year=2004|title=Replacement Names for 2003 Atlantic Hurricanes (Fabian, Isabel, and Juan) and 2002 Hurricane Lili|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/Meetings/HC-26/doc06add1.doc|format=DOC]

See also

* List of North Carolina hurricanes
* List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes

References

External links

* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2003isabel.shtml National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report for Hurricane Isabel]
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2003/ISABEL.shtml National Hurricane Center advisory archive for Hurricane Isabel]
* [http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/assessments/pdfs/isabel.pdf National Weather Service Assessment]
* [http://web.mit.edu/birge/Public/hurricane-isabel/ Hurricane Isabel Satellite Movies showing landfall and dissipation]
* [http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/tropic/archive/2003/storms/isabel/movies/isabel-eye.html Category 5 Hurricane Isabel eye vortices java loop] , [http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/tropic/isabel_2003.html Interpretation of]