Locally constant function
- Locally constant function
In mathematics, a function "f" from a topological space "A" to a set "B" is called locally constant, iff for every "a" in "A" there exists a neighborhood "U" of "a", such that "f" is constant on "U".
Every constant function is locally constant.
Every locally constant function from the real numbers R to R is constant. But the function "f" from the rationals Q to R, defined by "f"("x") = 0 for "x" < π, and "f"("x") = 1 for "x" > π, is locally constant (here we use the fact that π is irrational and that therefore the two sets {"x"∈Q : "x" < π} and {"x"∈Q : "x" > π} are both open in Q).
If "f" : "A" → "B" is locally constant, then it is constant on any connected component of "A". The converse is true for locally connected spaces (where the connected components are open).
Further examples include the following:
* Given a covering "p" : "C" → "X", then to each point "x" of "X" we can assign the cardinality of the fiber "p"-1("x") over "x"; this assignment is locally constant.
*A map from the topological space "A" to a discrete space "B" is continuous if and only if it is locally constant.
Connection with sheaf theory
There are "sheaves" of locally constant functions on "X". To be more definite, the locally constant integer-valued functions on "X" form a sheaf in the sense that for each open set "U" of "X" we can form the functions of this kind; and then verify that the sheaf "axioms" hold for this construction, giving us a sheaf of abelian groups (even commutative rings). This sheaf could be written "Z""X"; described by means of "stalks" we have stalk "Z""x", a copy of "Z" at "x", for each "x" in "X". This can be referred to a "constant sheaf", meaning exactly "sheaf of locally constant functions" taking their values in the (same) group. The typical sheaf of course isn't constant in this way; but the construction is useful in linking up sheaf cohomology with homology theory, and in logical applications of sheaves. The idea of local coefficient system is that we can have a theory of sheaves that "locally" look like such 'harmless' sheaves (near any "x"), but from a global point of view exhibit some 'twisting'.
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