Compass Players

The Compass Players (or Compass Theater) was a 1950s cabaret revue show started by alumni, dropouts and hangers-on from the University of Chicago.^[1] The troupe was active from 1955-1958 in Chicago and St. Louis. Several of the members went on to form The Second City Theater in 1959.

History

Founded by David Shepherd, the original idea was to produce a new play derived through improvisation from outlines (in the tradition of the Italian commedia dell'arte) or scenarios written by members of the ensemble. Shepherd turned to director Paul Sills to head this venture based on his experience working with Sills on an earlier Chicago theatre effort, the Playwrights' Theatre Company. He noticed that Sills in rehearsal employed theatre games, structures designed to create spontaneous theatrical play between actors that had been developed and named by Sills' mother, Viola Spolin. (Spolin would later author the "bible" of theatre games, Improvisation for the Theatre, published by Northwestern Press.)

Originally, for the first several weeks, the company presented original improvised plays from outlines that had already created in a space in the back room of a bar near the University of Chicago campus in Hyde Park. Bartender Fred Wranovics asked if they could make the show longer so he could sell another round of drinks, and the actors, not having any more material prepared, seized on the idea of creating material based on audience suggestions. This part of the show proved to be an overwhelming success, to such an extent that it took over the show. The scenario plays were presented less and less as audiences flocked to see these clever youngsters whip up theatrical magic out of thin air.

Initially, scenes were presented only once, but some of the players grew interested in polishing material into finished pieces. Mike Nichols and Elaine May created many of their signature scenes in this manner. Shelley Berman found that he could create solo routines by showing one half of telephone conversations.

The Compass moved from their Hyde Park home to two subsequent places that were more nightclubs than theatres, and the tone of the material changed to accommodate the new audiences. When the company finally called it quits, some of them went to St. Louis and joined a Compass that had been started there at the Crystal Palace under the supervision of Theodore J. Flicker. It was here that company members Mike Nichols, Elaine May, Del Close and Flicker codified a further set of principles to guide improvisational players. Close spent the rest of his life developing, refining, and experimenting with these principles.

Not too long after, Nichols and May went to New York and swiftly became stars performing material largely derived from their Compass days. Berman, too, soon became a star with his phone calls. In Chicago, Paul Sills had a hunch that a more disciplined version of the Compass might succeed. The successor troupe, The Second City, debuted in 1959, the self-mocking name taken from the title of an article about Chicago by A. J. Liebling that appeared in The New Yorker magazine in 1952.^[2] Several of the company members of that troupe were recruited from the Compass alumni.

Notable alumni

• Alan Alda (M*A*S*H, The West Wing, The Seduction of Joe Tynan, Same Time, Next Year)
• Jane Alexander (The Great White Hope, Kramer vs. Kramer, All the President's Men, Playing for Time)
• Rose Arrick
• Ed Asner (The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Lou Grant, Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, JFK)
• Sandy Baron (Seinfeld)
• Shelley Berman (Curb Your Enthusiasm, Boston Legal, Meet the Fockers)
• Del Close (I.O.)
• Bob Coughlan
• Severn Darden
• Bob Dishy (Story Theater, Brighton Beach Memoirs)
• Andrew Duncan (Slap Shot, An Unmarried Woman)
• Theodore J. Flicker
• Barbara Gordon
• Mark Gordon
• Valerie Harper (The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda)
• Barbara Harris (Nashville, The Apple Tree, On a Clear Day You Can See Forever)
• Linda Lavin (Alice)
• Ron Leibman (The Hot Rock, Slaughterhouse-Five, Where's Poppa?, Angels in America)
• Elaine May (Nichols & May, A New Leaf)
• Anne Meara (Stiller and Meara, ALF)
• Mike Nichols (Nichols & May, Catch-22, The Graduate, Who's Afraid of Virginia Wollf?, Working Girl)
• Byrne Piven
• Joyce Hiller Piven
• David Shepherd
• Yuki Shimoda (Auntie Mame Tony Award Winning Broadway Production and Hollywood Movie, Johnny Midnight TV Series)
• Paul Sills
• Jerry Stiller (Stiller and Meara, Seinfeld, The King of Queens, Zoolander)

Books on the Compass Players

Coleman, Janet (1991). The Compass: The Improvisational Theatre that Revolutionized American Comedy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 362 pages. ISBN 978-0226113456. 

Sweet, Jeffrey (2004). Something Wonderful Right Away: An Oral History of the Second City and The Compass Players. Limelight Editions. pp. 386 pages. ISBN 978-0879100735. 

See also

• Improvisational theatre
• List of improvisational theatre companies
• Viola Spolin
• The Second City

Notes

1. ^ Adler, Tony, Theater, p. 815-7, Eds. Grossman, James R., Keating, Ann Durkin, and Reiff, Janice L., 2004 The Encyclopedia of Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-31015-9
2. ^ Christiansen, Richard, Second City Theatre, p. 744, Eds. Grossman, James R., Keating, Ann Durkin, and Reiff, Janice L., 2004 The Encyclopedia of Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-31015-9