24th Infantry Regiment (United States)

24th Infantry Regiment
24th Infantry Regiment badge
Active	November 1, 1869 – October 1, 1951; August 24, 1995 – present
Country	United States
Branch	Infantry Branch (United States)
Type	Organic Regiment
Garrison/HQ	Fort Wainwright, Alaska
Nickname	Deuce Four (Special Designation) [1][2]
Motto	Semper Paratus Always Prepared
Colors	Blue and White
Engagements	American Civil War (38th & 41st United States Colored Troops regiments) Indian Wars War with Spain Philippine Insurrection Mexican Expedition World War II Korean War Iraq Campaign
Insignia
Distinctive Unit Insignia

U.S. Infantry Regiments
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The 24th Infantry Regiment was a unit of the United States Army, active from 1869 until 1951, and again from 1995 until 2006. The regiment is notable for having a colorfully checkered history, with a record of mostly meritorious service and valorous combat performance interspersed with episodes of incompetence among the officer corps and conduct unbecoming U.S. soldiers.

The regiment was originally organized in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War as a segregated unit of African Americans. The regiment was posted to the western frontier, where it got the nickname of Buffalo Soldiers.

Later it was deployed overseas and saw combat in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection. From 1916 until 1919, the 24th Infantry patrolled the border with Mexico, defending against cross-border incursions by Mexican rebels. In 1917, the 1st Battalion was placed on temporary duty near Houston, Texas. Provoked by racist maltreatment, soldiers of the 1st Bn, 24th Infantry mutinied and came into conflict with local civilians, in what has been called the Houston or Camp Logan Riot. Both soldiers and civilians were killed in the conflict; numerous soldiers were later court-martialled, and some of those convicted were eventually executed.

The 24th Regiment served honorably in the Pacific Theatre during World War II. Despite the desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces in 1948, the 24th Infantry remained predominantly African–American, with an officer corps of both African and European Americans. During the Korean War, the regiment was noted for its poor performance in several battles. Although morale and performance gradually improved, especially after an overhaul in leadership, its reputation could not be overcome, and the unit was dissolved in 1951.

The 24th Infantry was re-instituted in 1995 and assigned to the 25th Infantry Division. The regiment performed admirably in the Iraq War from 2004 to 2005, and was decorated for its service. In 2006, during a re-organization of the Army, the regiment was re-flagged; however, the 1st Battalion was not included, and so it alone retains the regimental designation and carries on its legacy. It is now part of the 1st Brigade Combat Team (Stryker), 25th Infantry Division at Fort Wainwright, Alaska.

History

The 24th Infantry Regiment (one of the Buffalo Soldier regiments) was organized on November 1, 1869 from the 38th and 41st (Colored) Infantry Regiments. All the enlisted soldiers were black, either veterans of the U.S. Colored Troops or freedmen. From its activation to 1898, the 24th Infantry served throughout the Western United States. Its missions included garrisoning frontier posts, battling American Indians, protecting roadways against bandits, and guarding the border between the United States and Mexico.

Spanish-American War

The year 1898 saw the 24th Infantry deployed to Cuba as part of the U.S. Expeditionary Force in the Spanish-American War. Elements of the 24th participated in the storming of the Spanish fortress in the Battle of El Caney. At the climactic battle of San Juan Hill, supported by intensive fire from the Gatling Gun Detachment, units of the 24th Infantry, accompanied by elements of the 6th and 13th Infantry Regiments, assaulted and seized the Spanish-held blockhouse and trench system atop San Juan Hill.

Philippine-American War

The 24th U.S. Infantry at drill, Camp Walker, Philippine Islands 1902

In 1899 the Regiment deployed to the Philippine Islands to help suppress a guerrilla movement in the Philippine-American War. The Regiment returned to the Islands in 1905 and 1911. Though the 24th fought a number of battles in the Philippines, one of the most notable occurred on December 7, 1899, when 9 soldiers from the Regiment routed 100 guerrillas from their trenches.

Mexican Border

In 1916 the 24th Infantry guarded the U.S.-Mexico border to keep the Mexican Revolution from spilling on to U.S. soil. When it did, the 24th joined the "Punitive Expedition" under General Pershing and entered Mexico to fight Pancho Villa's forces. In 1919, rebels and troops of the Mexican government fought in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, which borders the U.S. city of El Paso, Texas. The 24th Infantry crossed over again to engage the rebels, ensuring that no violence erupted across the U.S. border.

Pre-World War I and the Houston Riot

The Houston Riot (1917) was a mutiny by 150 black soldiers of the Twenty-fourth United States Infantry, called the Camp Logan Riots. Sergeant Vida Henry of I Company, 3rd Battalion led about 150 black soldiers in a two-hour march on Houston because they had suffered racial discrimination in the city.

The soldiers were met by local policemen and a great crowd of Houston residents, who had armed themselves. When the soldiers killed Captain J.W. Mattes of the Illinois National Guard (after mistaking him for a local policeman), the Battalion fell into disarray. Sgt. Henry shot himself, distraught over having killed another serviceman. In their two-hour march on the city, the Battalion killed 15 armed whites, including four policemen, and seriously wounded 12 others, one of whom, a policeman, subsequently died. Four black soldiers were killed. Two were accidentally shot by their own men, one in camp and the other on San Felipe Street. The riot lasted one afternoon, and resulted in the deaths of four soldiers and 15 civilians. The rioters were tried at three courts-martial. Fourteen were executed, and 41 were given life sentences.

World War II

At the start of World War II, the 24th IR was stationed at Fort Benning as School Troops for the Infantry School. They participated in the Carolina Maneuvers of October – December 1941. During World War II, the 24th Infantry fought in the South Pacific Theater as a separate regiment. Deploying on April 4, 1942 from the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, the Regiment arrived in the New Hebrides Islands on May 4, 1942. The 24th moved to Guadalcanal on August 28, 1943, and was assigned to the US XVI Corps. 1st Battalion deployed to Bougainville, attached to the 37th Infantry Division, from March to May, 1944 for Perimeter Defense Duty. The Regiment departed Guadalcanal on December 8, 1944, and landed on Saipan and Tinian on December 19, 1944 for Garrison Duty that included mopping up the remaining Japanese forces that had yet to surrender. The Regiment was assigned to the Pacific Ocean Area Command on March 15, 1945, and then to the Central Pacific Base Command on May 15, 1945, and to the Western pacific Base Command on June 22, 1945.

The Regiment departed Saipan and Tinian on July 9, 1945, and arrived on the Kerama Islands off Okinawa on July 29, 1945. At the end of the war, the 24th took the surrender of forces on the island of Aka-shima, the first formal surrender of a Japanese Imperial Army Garrison. The Regiment remained on Okinawa through 1946.

Korean War

From the end of World War II through 1947, the 24th occupied Okinawa, Japan, after which it relocated to Gifu, Japan. On February 1, 1947, the regiment reorganized as a permanent regiment of the 25th Infantry Division. In late June 1950, soon after North Korea invaded South Korea, the 24th deployed to Korea to assist in the Korean War.

The 24th Infantry fought throughout the entire Korean peninsula, from the defense of the "Pusan Perimeter" to its breakout and the pursuit of communist forces well into North Korea, to the Chinese counteroffensives, and finally to U.N. counteroffensives that stabilized near the current Demilitarized Zone. The Regiment received the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation for its defense of the Pusan Perimeter. The regiment also had two posthumous Medal of Honor recipients, Cornelius H. Charlton and William Thompson.

The cases of Lieutenant Leon Gilbert, court martialed for refusing an order from the 24th's commanding officer (who was white), and of some other members of the 24th, helped bring greater attention to problems of segregation and discrimination within the U.S. military.

The landing at Inchon by U.S. and ROK forces on September 15 finally compelled the North Koreans to withdraw from the Pusan Perimeter. The 24th Infantry was divided into Task Forces Blair and Corley (named for their commanders), and they, along with several from other commands, began pursuing the enemy on September 27.

The 25th Division remained in South Korea until ordered north in late November to participate in the Chongchon operation. Later in November, overwhelming assaults by Chinese troops forced the U.S. Eighth Army to withdraw. On November 29, the Chinese 40th Army flanked the 24th Infantry's line north of the Chongchon River in North Korea, forcing the neighboring 9th Regiment of the 2nd Division to withdraw.

On November 30, the 3/24th was at Kunu-ri, on the division's open right flank, with Chinese troops behind it. With the help of air support, the battalion extricated itself, losing one soldier killed, 30 wounded and 109 missing. Overall, the 24th Infantry lost one-fifth of its officers and one-third of its enlisted men in the withdrawal across the Chongchon. Colonel Corley blamed the disarray of the 3rd Battalion on its commander, Lt. Col. Melvin E. Blair, whom he summarily relieved.

The Eighth Army's withdrawal did not cease until the force was well below the 39th parallel north. But by early March 1951, the American and ROK troops were again ready for a full-scale offensive.

On March 6, the 25th Division advanced across the Han River. The 1/24th did well, moving over difficult terrain against an entrenched enemy. The 3rd Battalion initially also performed well, executing a hastily devised river crossing and advancing through rough country against well dug-in Chinese troops, far from the 1st Battalion. While climbing up steep terrain, however, the 1/24th reportedly collapsed under Chinese fire and withdrew in disorder. When the division commander learned of that action, his confidence in the 24th plummeted. Many soldiers of the 24th ran away from the fight, tossing their weapons and equipment aside. A derisive poem throughout the U.S. Army stated: When them Chinese mortars begins to thud, the Old Deuce-Four begin to bug.

Although the 24th performed well in the attack north of the Han and the subsequent general withdrawal of the Eighth Army after the Chinese spring offensive of 1951, its reputation was somewhat tarnished. But it performed well in the Army's drive back north in May and June 1951.

In August, the regiment's new commander, Colonel Thomas D. Gillis, prodded by the division commander, closely examined the 24th's record in Korea. Determining that leadership had been the problem, he relieved a number of officers. After the change in command, Company F conducted a valiant bayonet and grenade charge on September 15. But, the positive performance of Company F was ignored by higher commands and the news media. By October 1, 1951, the 24th had passed into history.

Desegregation

Executive Order 9981 desegregated the United States military in 1948. On October 1, 1951, the Deuce-Four was inactivated, and the soldiers were dispersed to other units. These soldiers continued to serve proudly on active duty through the 1980s. It was not until August 24, 1995 that the 24th was reactivated.

Modern legacy

The Deuce Four Skull was put on buildings in Iraq where enemies were killed.

The 1st Battalion, 24th Infantry Regiment served as part of the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry (Lightning) Division from August 24, 1995 to September, 2006 in Fort Lewis, Washington. The battalion was reflagged in December, 2006 in Fort Wainwright, Alaska.

They were assigned to the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division 'Lightning' (a Stryker brigade), and served in Iraq from October 2004 to October 2005. The Battalion came home with 5 Silver Stars, 31 Bronze Stars, and 181 Purple Hearts and played a crucial role in the Battle of Mosul (2004). During that battle, the Battalion saw some of the heaviest, sustained fighting of the insurgency to date. The unit was also awarded with the Valorous Unit Award as being part of the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (SBCT).

The unit has now been reflagged as the 3rd Squadron, 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment and moved to Vilseck, Germany. The 1st Battalion, 24th Infantry Regiment has replaced the 2nd Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment of the now decommissioned 172nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team as of December 14, 2006. The 1–24 Inf. is now part of the 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division based in Fort Wainwright, Alaska.

Heraldic Items

Regimental Badge

• Description:

1. On a blue field a block house of masonry with tower, walls in color of grey stone, roofs yellow.
2. On a yellow scroll, the words "SAN JUAN" in blue.
3. All encircled by a yellow band bearing the motto in blue "SEMPER PARATUS" (Always Prepared).

• Symbolism: The design commemorates the gallant service of the regiment in the Santiago campaign of 1898.

• Background:

1. The badge was approved on 1920-03-27.
2. The badge is used as the crest on the organizational colors. The breast of the eagle on the colors is feathered.

Distinctive Unit Insignia

• Description:

1. A gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/4 inches (3.18 cm) in width overall consisting of a blue disc bearing a white blockhouse with tower masoned and roofed gold below a gold scroll inscribed "SAN JUAN" in blue letters.
2. Attached below the disc a gold scroll turned blue and inscribed "SEMPER PARATUS" in blue letters.

• Symbolism:

1. Blue is the color associated with Infantry.
2. The house with tower depicts a blockhouse at San Juan Santiago de Cuba and commemorates the 1898 campaign service of the regiment.

• Background:

1. The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 24th Infantry on 1923-01-21.
2. It was amended to correct the motto on 1923-03-21.
3. Amended to add the authorization for wear of the DUI on 1923-05-07.
4. Amended to add to the authorization for wear of the DUI on 1925-09-21.
5. On 1925-10-23 it was amended to change the appearance of the DUI.
6. The insignia was cancelled and a new insignia authorized on 1927-05-17.

Lineage

• Constituted 1866-07-28 in the Regular Army as the 38th Infantry Regiment
• Organized 1866-10-01 at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri
• Consolidated 1869-03-15 with the 41st Infantry, and consolidated unit redesignated as the 24th Infantry
• Started World War II Stationed at Fort Benning
• Participated in the Carolina Maneuvers of October–December, 1941.
• Departed San Francisco Port of Embarkation April, 1942.
• Arrived in New Hebrides on 1942-05-04.
• Northern Solomons Campaign started on 1943-02-22.
• Arrived on Guadalcanal on 1943-08-28, and was assigned to XIV Corps.
• 1st Battalion deployed to Bougainville March–May, 1944 for Perimeter Defense Duty.
• Western Pacific Campaign commenced on 1944-06-15.
• Northern Solomons Campaign concluded on 1944-11-21.
• 1st Battalion joined the Regiment, and they all departed Guadalcanal on 1944-12-08.
• Landed on Saipan and Tinian 1944-12-19 for garrison duty, which included mopping up remaining Japanese forces there.
• Assigned to Pacific Ocean Area Command on 1945-03-15.
• Assigned to Central Pacific Base Command on 1945-05-15.
• Assigned to Western Pacific Base Command on 1945-06-22.
• Left Saipan and Tinian on 1945-07-09.
• Arrived Kerama Islands off Okinawa on 1945-07-29.
• Was located on Okinawa on 1945-08-14, which is when the Japanese Surrendered.
• Western Pacific Campaign concluded on 1945-09-02.
• Unit remained on Okinawa until the start of the Korean War.
• Assigned 1947-02-01 to the 25th Infantry Division
• Relieved 1951-08-01 from assignment to the 25th Infantry Division
• Inactivated 1951-10-01 in Korea
• Reorganized 1995-08-16 as a parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System
• The 1st Battalion, 24th Infantry Regiment returned to Fort Lewis from Iraq in September 2005
• Inactivated on 1 June 2006
• Reactivated on 16 December 2006, the 1st Battalion only, and attached as an element of the of the 1st Brigade Combat Team (Stryker), 25th Infantry Division at Fort Wainwright, Alaska.

Honors

Campaign Participation Credit

• Indian Wars:

1. Comanches

• Spanish-American War:

1. Santiago

• Philippine-American War:

1. San Isidro;
2. Luzon 1900

• World War II:

1. Northern Solomons;
2. Western Pacific

• Korean War:

1. UN Defensive;
2. UN Offensive;
3. CCF Intervention;
4. First UN Counteroffensive;
5. CCF Spring Offensive;
6. UN Summer-Fall Offensive

Decorations

1. Presidential Unit Citation for MASAN-CHINJU.
2. Valorous Unit Award for Battle of Mosul.

References

Notes

1. ^ "Special Unit Designations". United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-ra_ar.html. Retrieved June 24, 2010. 
2. ^ "Regular Army and Army Reserve, Special Designations Listing". United States Army Center of Military History. http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-ra_ar.html. 

Sources

• 24th Infantry Regiment (Buffalo Soldiers) US Army
• 24th Infantry in Korea

Books

• United States Army Center of Military History Volume 70-65; Black Soldier/White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea (Clothbound Edition)].
• United States Army Center of Military History Volume 70-65-1; Black Soldier/White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea (Paperback Edition)].

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document "24th Infantry Lineage and Honors".

External links

• Index of Research Collection for the 24th Infantry Regiment at the United States Army Center of Military History
• ENGAGEMENTS by the BUFFALO SOLDIERS AND SEMINOLE-NEGRO INDIAN SCOUTS